乙醇和柴油的相容性研究

以相分离温度及其变化幅度为指标考察了乙醇和柴油的相容性。结果表明,直馏和加氢柴油馏分油及所有市售柴油与乙醇的相分离曲线随乙醇含量增大呈先上升后下降的变化规律,馏分油在乙醇含量为5%~20%范围内,相分离温度升高25~40℃,调合柴油在乙醇含量为10%~20%时,相分离温度升高10~15℃,且在乙醇含量约50%时相分离温度都达到最高值;芳烃含量较高的催化裂化柴油相分离温度随乙醇含量增加呈单调升高的趋势,但整体升高幅度小于15℃。柴油的烃族组成和50%馏出温度对乙醇与柴油的相容性有较大影响。加入助溶剂后乙醇和柴油的低温稳定时间明显延长。     

含水乙醇汽油稳定性研究

使用市售车用93号乙醇汽油和纯汽油分别配制出高乙醇含量和高含水量的含水乙醇汽油,试验研究乙醇汽油中乙醇含量、含水量以及5种添加剂(正丁醇、异丁醇、甲基叔丁基醚、棕榈酸、失水山梨醇单油酸酯)对含水乙醇汽油相分离温度的影响。结果表明,含水量减少、乙醇含量增加都可降低含水乙醇汽油的相分离温度;使用纯汽油配制的含水乙醇汽油含水量在3%时,相分离温度低于-20℃,且在大气环境温度为-5~10℃的条件下放置30d以上不发生分层现象;使用乙醇汽油配制的含水乙醇汽油比使用纯汽油配制的含水乙醇汽油稳定性要强,在相同乙醇含量和含水量下,前者的相分离温度要低9~15℃;5种添加剂均能明显降低含水乙醇汽油的相分离温度,其中正丁醇和异丁醇的效果最好。     

以醇类为助溶剂的乙醇柴油混合燃料的试验研究

为了研究醇类在乙醇柴油混合燃料中的助溶效果,以及添加醇类助溶剂后,柴油机燃用乙醇柴油混合燃料的排放性能,分别做了助溶试验和排放性能试验。助溶试验时,选择碳原子数依次增大的正丁醇、正庚醇、正癸醇作为助溶剂,按柴油、乙醇、助溶剂的体积比为75∶20∶5的比例,分别在温度为0、10、20、30℃的恒温条件下配制混合燃料,摇匀静置,观察互溶情况和分层时间,结果发现,柴油乙醇直接混合会立即产生分层;加入助溶剂后会提高互溶效果,过一段时间才会分层;10℃以上环境均能保证柴油乙醇燃料稳定互溶15 d以上;随温度的升高和助溶剂碳原子数的增加稳定互溶时间有增大趋势。排放试验在一台YC6 J170-21车用柴油机上进行,在100%负荷率下,分别测试不同助溶剂的柴油乙醇燃料的CO、HC、NOx和碳烟的排放,结果表明,与纯柴油相比,柴油乙醇燃料的CO排放没有增加;中高转速下,HC和碳烟排放明显下降;NOx排放全程下降;以正丁醇为助溶剂的柴油乙醇燃料的CO、HC、NOx和碳烟的排放最低。     

不同浸提温度、时间及浸提剂对测定叶绿素含量的影响

以桂花叶片为试材，研究了不同浸提温度、时间及浸提剂对叶绿素含量的影响．结果表明：第一。叶片的叶绿素a＋b、叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量先随浸提时间的延长而升高，达到最大值后略有下降．在较低温度下，其含量达到最大值的所需时间长，在较高温度下。其含量达到最大值所需时间短；第二，浸提效果最好的是45％乙醇＋45％丙酮＋10％水和乙醚，其次是95％乙醇和98％丙酮，再次是80％乙醇和80％丙酮，最差的是石油醚，但考虑乙醚的毒害副作用，我们建议采用45％乙醇＋45％丙酮＋10％水作为浸提剂较好．     

实验温度对牛蛙神经冲动产生和传导的影响

测定了牛蛙(Rana catesbeiana)离体坐骨神经干在5、15、25、30、33、35、39℃七个温度条件下的动作电位波幅和传导速度.结果表明:温度显著影响牛蛙神经干的动作电位幅度和传导速度,牛蛙神经干动作电位幅度和传导速度不随温度的改变而呈同步的变化.在5-30℃温度范围内,牛蛙神经干的动作电位幅度随温度升高而增大,30℃后显著下降,39℃时最低;25、30、33℃动作电位的传导速度相对较快,温度低于25℃或高于33℃,牛蛙神经干的传导速度均呈显著的下降趋势.     

烘干温度对秦艽中龙胆苦苷含量的影响

目的检测不同烘干温度对秦艽中龙胆苦苷含量的影响。方法采用HPLC测定在不同烘干温度下干燥的秦艽品中龙胆苦苷的含量。结果在20℃,40％,60℃,80℃,100℃烘干秦艽时, 随温度升高,秦艽中龙胆苦苷的含量逐渐升高,在100℃时达到最高,其含量为8．55％。在100％℃, 120℃,140℃,160℃,180℃,200℃时,龙胆苦苷的含量逐渐下降,在200℃时含量降至最低,其含量为3．27％。结论秦艽药材最佳的烘干温度为100℃,在此温度下烘干的秦艽药材中龙胆苦苷的含量最高,且干燥时间较短。     

柴油引燃甲醇双燃料发动机滞燃期的研究

在一台TY1100直喷柴油机进气管上安装一套电控甲醇低压喷射装置，进行了柴油引燃甲醇双燃料发动机着火滞燃期的试验研究．结果表明：随着甲醇质量分数的增加，双燃料发动机压缩过程多变指数呈线性减小，着火滞燃期延长；与原柴油机相比，发动机燃用双燃料后，在转速为1600r／min、全负荷、甲醇质量分数为62％时，着火滞燃期最大延长约1．50；提高进气温度，着火滞燃期缩短，进气温度从20℃增加到40℃再到60℃时，对着火滞燃期的影响逐渐增强；发动机的转速升高，在所有试验工况下，以时间计的着火滞燃期缩短；引燃柴油供油定时提前，着火滞燃期延长．     

冬季棚室如何调节湿度

改变温度：通过改变棚内温度来改变棚内湿度。棚内湿度为100％、棚温为5℃时，每升高1℃，湿度少3％～4％，升高到20℃时，湿度约为70％，温度升至30℃，湿度约降为40％。反之，温度降至18℃时，相对湿度可升到85％，温度下降到16℃时，相对湿度几乎达100％。     

γ-Al2O3催化剂上乙醇脱水制乙烯的实验研究

考察了低浓度乙醇在固定床管式反应器中活性氧化铝上催化脱水生成乙烯的反应行为。研究了反应温度、进料流率、乙醇浓度等因素对反应行为的影响规律。结果表明，在410～440℃范围内催化剂对主反应的选择性随着温度的升高而升高，在达到一定的温度后趋于稳定。乙醇转化率对温度并不敏感，而随空速的增大而降低。催化剂选择性随着进料流率增大而增大，之后稳定在99.5%以上。在进料流率小于1mL/min时乙醇转化率高于85%，乙烯收率均在80%以上。当利用低浓度乙醇作原料时，乙醇转化率随乙醇浓度增大而增大，催化剂选择性维持稳定。最终选定的适宜工艺条件：温度420℃左右，进料流率1.0mL/min左右。     

柴油机燃用柴油/乙醇混合燃料的性能与排放研究

为了给柴油／乙醇混合燃料的应用提供试验和理论依据，进行了柴油机燃用柴油／乙醇混合燃料的性能与排放研究，研究结果表明：随着燃料中乙醇掺混比例的增加，有效燃油消耗率有所增加，但当量柴油有效燃油消耗率降低，有效热效率增加；在掺混比例较高时，需要添加十六烷值改进剂提高混合燃料的十六烷值；在同一工况下，发动机排气烟度随乙醇的加入而减少，NOx排放则无明显的增加；排气烟度的下降率随含氧量的增加而增大，未添加十六烷值改进剂时升高的幅度小于添加十六烷值改进剂后．减小供油提前角，NOx排放下降，排气烟度增加。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.