Constraint on the late Mesozoic regional angular unconformity in West Liaoning--North Hebei by LA-ICP-MS dating

The angular unconformity between the Tuchengzi Formation and the Zhangjiakou Formation in the Chengde area is commonly regarded as the direct evidence of boundary between Jurassic and Cretaceous systems, and as the evidence of tectonic transformation interfaces in Mesozoic Era in the West Liaoning-North Hebei. Moreover, the lower boundary age of the Zhangjiakou Formation in the Chengde was to be thought about 135 Myr in the past. Based on the detailed study and systematic sampling in Yixian-Beipiao, Lingy- uan, Chengde and Luanping areas in the field, the authors obtained the following isotopic ages by means of LA-ICP-MS dating： In the Lingyuan area, the Zhangjiakou Formation and the Yixian Formation are in angular unconformable contact; the age range of the Zhangjiakou Formation volcanic rock is from 133 to 130 Myr （seven samples）, and that of the Yixian Formation volcanic rock is from 126 to 121 Myr （eleven samples）. In the Luotuoshan of Chengde, the Tuchengzi Formation and the Zhangjiakou Formation are in angu- lar unconformable contact; the age at the lower Zhangjiakou Formation is about 124 Myr （one sample）, which reflects that the age range of the lower Zhangjiakou Formation is from 129 to 124 Myr combined with the previous study. In the Luanping basin, there is the larg- est sediment gap in upper Mesozoic, whose lower boundary age is confined in 131 to 130 Myr. In the Yixian-Beipiao area, the second Member of the Yixian Formation, making up more than 3/4 thickness of the Yixian Formation, was formed in 126 to 119 Myr, and the age of the Yixian Formation at the bottom is about 132 Myr. Moreover, the upper boundary age of the Tuchengzi Formation is about 136 Myr in the West Liaoning-North Hebei region. Based on the above isotopic data combined with the geological characteristics in the field in the West Liaoning-North Hebei region, it reflects that there was a widespread tectonic event in the period of 136 to 126 Myr （mainly in 130-126 Myr） in the West Liaoning-North Hebei, and it formed th     

Constraints on the late Mesozoic regional angular unconformity in West Liaoning-North Hebei by LA-ICP-MS dating

The angular unconformity between the Tuchengzi Formation and the Zhangjiakou Formation in the Chengde area is commonly regarded as the direct evidence of boundary between Jurassic and Cretaceous systems, and as the evidence of tectonic transformation interfaces in Mesozoic Era in the West Liaoning-North Hebei. Moreover, the lower boundary age of the Zhangjiakou Formation in the Chengde was to be thought about 135 Myr in the past. Based on the detailed study and systematic sampling in Yixian-Beipiao, Lingyuan, Chengde and Luanping areas in the field, the authors obtained the following isotopic ages by means of LA-ICP-MS dating: In the Lingyuan area, the Zhangjiakou Formation and the Yixian Formation are in angular unconformable contact; the age range of the Zhangjiakou Formation volcanic rock is from 133 to 130 Myr (seven samples), and that of the Yixian Formation volcanic rock is from 126 to 121 Myr (eleven samples). In the Luotuoshan of Chengde, the Tuchengzi Formation and the Zhangjiakou Formation are in angular unconformable contact; the age at the lower Zhangiiakou Formation is about 124 Myr (one sample), which reflects that the age range of the lower Zhangjiakou Formation is from 129 to 124 Myr combined with the previous study. In the Luanping basin, there is the largest sediment gap in upper Mesozoic, whose lower boundary age is confined in 131 to 130 Myr. In the Yixian-Beipiao area, the second Member of the Yixian Formation, making up more than 3/4 thickness of the Yixian Formation, was formed in 126 to 119 Myr, and the age of the Yixian Formation at the bottom is about 132 Myr. Moreover, the upper boundary age of the Tuchengzi Formation is about 136 Myr in the West Liaoning-North Hebei region. Based on the above isotopic data combined with the geological characteristics in the field in the West Liaoning-North Hebei region, it reflects that there was a widespread tectonic event in the period of 136 to 126 Myr (mainly in 130-126 Myr) in the West Liaoning-North Hebei, and it formed the late Mesozoic regional angular unconformity. Moreover, the lower boundary ages of the late Mesozoic regional angular unconformity in different areas are different, and the tectonics and the creature assemblage are different in the strata at the top and bottom of the regional angular unconformity. It implies that the late Mesozoic regional angular unconformity is a regional interface of tectonic transformation in Mesozoic Era in the West Liaoning-North Hebei.     

Further support for a Cretaceous age for the feathered-dinosaur beds of Liaoning,China:New 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Yixian and Tuchengzi Formations

We report new 40Ar/39Ar dating results obtained from total fusion and incremental-heating analyses of sanidine and biotite from three tuffs found interbedded within the fossil-bearing deposits of Liaoning, northeast China. The first is a new sample of the Bed 6 Sihetun tuff from the Yixian Formation, previously dated by our team as middle Early Cretaceous, and recently considered by Lo et al., partially reset due to metamorphism from a nearby basaltic sill. The second is the Yixian Bed 9 tuff from Hengdaozi considered by Lo et al. to be unaffected by metamorphism and whose age, based on total fusion 40Ar/39Ar dating of biotite, argues for a Jurassic age for the Yixian Formation.The third tuff is a previously undated tuff from the upper part of the underlying Tuchengzi Formation. Single crystal total fusion 40Ar/39Ar analyses of the Sihetun sanidine showed homogeneous radiogenic Ar, Ca/K ratios, excellent reproducibility and gave a mean age of 125.0 ± 0.18 (1SD) ±0.04 (SE) Ma. Single sanidine crystal total fusion 40Ar/39Aranalyses of the Hengdaozi tuff gave a mean age of 125.0 +0.19 (1SD) ± 0.04 (SE) Ma, which is indistinguishable from the Sihetun tuff. The Tuchengzi Formation tuff gave a mean age of 139.4 ± 0.19 (1SD) ± 0.05 (SE) Ma. Detailed laser incremental-heating analyses of biotite from Sihetun, Hengdaozi, and Tuchengzi tuffs show disturbed Ar release patterns and evidence of trapped argon components. We conclude from these analyses that the total fusion dates on biotite by Lo et al. are erroneously old and isotopic dating of both biotite and sanidine from tuffs of the Yixian Formation point to a middle Early Cretaceous age. The upper part of the Tuchengzi Formation can be referred to the Early Cretaceous.``     

Constraints on the upper boundary age of the Tiaojishan Formation volcanic rocks in West Liaoning-North Hebei by LA-ICP-MS dating

In West Liaoning-North Hebei, the Tiaojishan Formation volcanic rocks are developed and many isotopic ages with a very wide age range were obtained in them as well. These different ages have direct influence on confirming and interpreting the related geological issues in West Liaoning-North Hebei and have restricted the study of geological problems related. In the field, the Tiaojishan Formation and the overlying Tuchengzi Formation are in parallel unconformable contact. By systematical sampling and dating of LA-ICP-MS in the Tiaojishan Formation （especially in the upper part） in Luanping, Chengde basins of Northern Hebei Province and in Lingyuan, Jinlingsi-Yangshan basins of Western Liaoning Province, combined with the dating data obtained by previous researchers, results indicate that the upper boundary age of the Tiaojishan Formation is from 156 to 153 Ma, and the lower boundary age of the Tiaojishan Formation is about 165 Ma, the Tiaojishan Formation was formed from the late of middle Jurassic to late Jurassic Epoch.     

Further support for a Cretaceous age for the feathered-dinosaur beds of Liaoning,China:New 40Ar÷39Ar dating of the Yixian and Tuchengzi Formations

We report new ⁴⁰Ar÷³⁹Ar dating results obtained from total fusion and incremental-heating analyses of sanidine and biotite from three tuffs found interbedded within the fossil-bearing deposits of Liaoning, northeast China. The first is a new sample of the Bed 6 Sihetun tuff from the Yixian Formation, previously dated by our team as middle Early Cretaceous, and recently considered by Lo et al., partially reset due to metamorphism from a nearby basaltic sill. The second is the Yixian Bed 9 tuff from Hengdaozi considered by Lo et al. to be unaffected by metamorphism and whose age, based on total fusion ⁴⁰Ar÷³⁹Ar dating of biotite, argues for a Jurassic age for the Yixian Formation. The third tuff is a previously undated tuff from the upper part of the underlying Tuchengzi Formation. Single crystal total fusion ⁴⁰Ar÷³⁹Ar analyses of the Sihetun sanidine showed homogeneous radiogenic Ar, Ca÷K ratios, excellent reproducibility and gave a mean age of 125.0±0.18 (1SD)±0.04 (SE) Ma. Single sanidine crystal total fusion ⁴⁰Ar÷³⁹Ar analyses of the Hengdaozi tuff gave a mean age of 125.0±0.19 (1SD)±0.04 (SE) Ma, which is indistinguishable from the Sihetun tuff. The Tuchengzi Formation tuff gave a mean age of 139.4±0.19 (1SD)±0.05 (SE) Ma. Detailed laser incremental-heating analyses of biotite from Sihetun, Hengdaozi, and Tuchengzi tuffs show disturbed Ar release patterns and evidence of trapped argon components. We conclude from these analyses that the total fusion dates on biotite by Lo et al. are erroneously old and isotopic dating of both biotite and sanidine from tuffs of the Yixian Formation point to a middle Early Cretaceous age. The upper part of the Tuchengzi Formation can be referred to the Early Cretaceous.     

Further support for a Cretaceous age for the feathered-dinosaur beds of Liaoning, China: New 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Yixian and Tuchengzi

We report new ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating results obtained from total fusion and incremental-heating analyses of sanidine and biotite from three tuffs found interbedded within the fossil-bearing deposits of Liaoning, northeast China. The first is a new sample of the Bed 6 Sihetun tuff from the Yixian Formation, previously dated by our team as middle Early Cretaceous, and recently considered by Lo et al., partially reset due to metamorphism from a nearby basaltic sill. The second is the Yixian Bed 9 tuff from Hengdaozi considered by Lo et al. to be unaffected by metamorphism and whose age, based on total fusion ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of biotite, argues for a Jurassic age for the Yixian Formation. The third tuff is a previously undated tuff from the upper part of the underlying Tuchengzi Formation. Single crystal total fusion ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar analyses of the Sihetun sanidine showed homogeneous radiogenic Ar, Ca/K ratios, excellent reproducibility and gave a mean age of 125.0 ± 0.18 (1SD) ± 0.04 (SE) Ma. Single sanidine crystal total fusion ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar analyses of the Hengdaozi tuff gave a mean age of 125.0 ± 0.19 (1SD) ± 0.04 (SE) Ma, which is indistinguishable from the Sihetun tuff. The Tuchengzi Formation tuff gave a mean age of 139.4 ± 0.19 (1SD) ± 0.05 (SE) Ma. Detailed laser incremental-heating analyses of biotite from Sihetun, Hengdaozi, and Tuchengzi tuffs show disturbed Ar release patterns and evidence of trapped argon components. We conclude from these analyses that the total fusion dates on biotite by Lo et al. are erroneously old and isotopic dating of both biotite and sanidine from tuffs of the Yixian Formation point to a middle Early Cretaceous age. The upper part of the Tuchengzi Formation can be referred to the Early Cretaceous.     

赤峰四家子盆地张家口组火山岩成因研究

根据最近几年开展的1∶5万区域地质调查获得的新资料,确认了内蒙古四家子盆地晚侏罗世张家口组的存在,并将张家口旋回火山岩划分为三个亚旋回.火山岩岩性为流纹岩类、粗面岩类和粗安岩类.对该地区火山岩的主量元素和微量元素进行了高精度分析测试,结果显示:火山岩具有高SiO2,Al2O3,K2O,Na2O含量和低MgO,TiO2含量的特征;里特曼指数σ(1.19~4.87)均值为2.47,属高钾钙碱性岩石系列.火山岩富集大离子亲石元素K,Rb,Sr,Zr,Ba,Pb,Li等,相容元素Ti,Co,Ni,Cr,V亏损.火山岩稀土总量较高,稀土配分模式呈右倾型,轻稀土分馏作用高于重稀土的分馏作用,总体显示弱负铕...     

1965年以来张家口地区季节干旱变化特征分析

 干旱对河北省张家口地区农业生产具有重大不利影响，典型干旱年份导致了严重的经济损失。基于张家口地区14个气象站1965-2018年的气象观测资料，采用标准化降水指数（SPI）和数理统计方法，分析了张家口地区季节干旱的时空变化特征。结果表明：影响农业生产显著的夏季干旱呈显著增加趋势，特别是20世纪90年代以来，干旱持续时间较长，空间范围较大；春秋季干旱出现减轻趋势，21世纪以来干旱相对偏轻；冬季干旱没有显著的变化趋势。因此，应重点加强对夏季干旱的防御管理。     

Stratigraphy and age of the Daohugou Bed in Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia

Recent fieldwork has extended the distribution of the Daohugou Bed deposits from the Daohugou Village to its several neighboring areas. The fossil-bearing Daohugou deposits uncomformably overlie complex bedrocks, and comprise three major parts. The red shales in the lower part were misidentified as belonging to the Tuchengzi Formation. Field excavation has indicated that the shales of upper part of the bed are the major fossil-bearing horizon. Due to strong tectonic activities, sediments were often folded with the sequences inverted in the region. Some newly recognized contacts between the Daohugou Bed and the volcanic rocks showed that the ignimbrite of the Tiaojishan Formation （159-164 Ma） underlies the Daohugou deposits, rather than overlying the latter as previously proposed. Thus, the age of the Daohugou deposits should be younger than the age of the ignimbrite, and thus it was incorrect to correlate the Daohugou Bed with the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation. Although biostratigraphic studies based on conchostracans and insects support a Middle Jurassic-early Late Jurassic age for the Daohugou deposits, vertebrate fossils such as Liaoxitriton, Jeholopterus and feathered maniraptorans show much resemblance to those of the Yixian Formation. In other words, despite the absence of Lycoptera, a typical fish of the Jehol Biota, the Daohugou vertebrate assemblage is closer to that of the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota than to any other biota. We propose that the Daohugou fossil assemblage probably represents the earliest evolutionary stage of the Jehol Biota based on both vertebrate biostratigraphy and the sedimentological and volcanic features which suggest the Daohugou deposit belongs to the same cycle of volcanism and sedimentation as the Yixian Formation of the Jehol Group.     

张家口市气候资源避暑效应评价——兼与承德市、秦皇岛市的比较研究

张家口市气候具有比承德市、秦皇岛市更加明显的避暑效应.张家口市夏季有三个月的避暑期(6、7、8月),承德市有二个月的避暑期(6、8月),秦皇岛市有1个月的避暑期(6月).在华北地区最为炎热的7月份,三市中张家口市避暑效果更佳.张家口市气候避暑效应形成的地理基础主要是偏居内陆的地理位置、相对较高的海拔高度和高原、山地相间的地貌格局.     

U-Pb zircon age for the Daohugou Biota at Ningcheng of Inner Mongolia and comments on related issues

SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating was carried out for the Daohugou Biota near Ningcheng of Inner Mongolia and for lavas overlying or underlying sala-mander-bearing strata at Reshuitang in Lingyuan of West Liaoning. The results suggest that the Dao- hugou Biota occurred at an interval from 168 Ma to 164―152 Ma. Both the Daohugou Biota and the salamander-bearing fossil assemblage are the same biota and thus developed from 168 to 152 Ma, i.e. from late Middle Jurassic to the early Late Jurassic. The Daohugou Biota-bearing rocks, resting on the Jiulongshan Formation in disconformity and being overlain in unconformity by Late Jurassic Tuchengzi Formation and Early Cretaceous rocks containing the Jehol Biota, are mainly composed of volcanic-sedi- mentary rocks in a normal sequence. It is recom- mended that the Daohugou Biota and the related stratigraphy should be correlated with the Tiaojishan Formation (Lanqi Formation in West Liaoning) or its synchronous rocks. It is suggested that the Dao- hugou Biota and the Jehol Biota would be neither taken into one biota nor considered as the earliest elements of the Jehol Biota. The Daohugou Biota and the related rocks and the Yixian Formation were respectively formed in different periods of volcanic-sedimentary tectonics.     

辽西朝阳地区张家口组火山岩地球化学特征及构造背景

朝阳地区张家口火山旋回可分为3个亚旋回,火山岩主要为流纹岩类、粗面岩类和粗安岩类.地球化学特征表明,张家口旋回火山岩属高钾钙碱性岩石系列.火山岩具有高SiO2,Al2O3,K2O,Na2O和低MgO,TiO2的特征,里特曼指数均值为2.59.火山岩富集大离子亲石元素K,Rb,Sr,Zr,Ba,Pb,Li等,相容元素Ti,Co,Ni,Cr,V亏损.火山岩为轻稀土富集型,总体显示弱负铕异常、弱负铈异常.综合研究认为,张家口组火山岩成岩物质主要来源于地壳,火山岩的成因以部分熔融为主.火山岩形成于挤压造山与伸展构造的过渡环境,具有大陆板内造山带火山岩的基本特征.     

The earliest known eutherian mammal

The skeleton of a eutherian (placental) mammal has been discovered from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of northeastern China. We estimate its age to be about 125 million years (Myr), extending the date of the oldest eutherian records with skull and skeleton by about 40 50 Myr. Our analyses place the new fossil at the root of the eutherian tree and among the four other known Early Cretaceous eutherians, and suggest an earlier and greater diversification of stem eutherians that occurred well before the molecular estimate for the diversification of extant placental superorders (104 64 Myr). The new eutherian has limb and foot features that are known only from scansorial (climbing) and arboreal (tree-living) extant mammals, in contrast to the terrestrial or cursorial (running) features of other Cretaceous eutherians. This suggests that the earliest eutherian lineages developed different locomotory adaptations, facilitating their spread to diverse niches in the Cretaceous.     

辽宁省阜新玄武岩矿床地质特征

为了发展阜新地区高端矿产品加工业,在综合分析阜新地区地质资料和调研的基础上,对阜蒙县老河土地中代义县期火山熔岩相中的玄武岩矿床进行地质普查工作。通过对阜新地区中生代义县期玄武岩,其赋存的状态、矿床矿石的结构、构造、化学成分及物理性能进行了测定,并经过化学分析数据与国内外玄武岩的成分对比,总结出阜新地区玄武岩矿床的基本特征;按地球化学成份分类:阜新玄武岩矿床属于钙碱性,且副矿物种类较少的矿石类型,为开发阜新玄武岩提供了基础的地质依据和资源量。     

张家口市生态服务价值对土地利用变化的响应

基于土地利用变化以及生态系统服务功能的理论研究, 对河北省张家口市1990, 2000和2008年的生态服务价值进行估算, 探讨土地利用对生态服务功能的影响。结果表明: 张家口市土地利用类型以耕地、草地和林地为主, 草地面积减少和建设用地面积增加幅度较大。不同土地类型产生的生态系统服务价值从大到小依次为林地、耕地、草地、水域、湿地, 其中林地、耕地、草地产生的价值之和约占总价值的90%。生态系统服务总价值在1990-2008 年总体上呈下降趋势, 尤其2000-2008年减少幅度显著, 其中草地、湿地的减幅最大。在各项生态系统服务功能中, 价值结构变化不大, 1990-2000年气候调节的服务价值显著减少, 原材料和水源涵养的服务价值增加幅度较大; 2000-2008年由于湿地和耕地面积的增加, 尤其是湿地面积的增加, 气候调节和食物生产的服务价值随之增加, 其他服务功能价值均减少。     

基于Logistic 回归模型的张家口市土地利用变化驱动力及建设用地增加空间模拟研究

利用张家口市1989, 2000 和2010 年土地利用数据、数字高程模型(DEM)以及社会经济统计数据, 分析张家口市土地利用变化的时空特征, 构建基于Logistic 回归模型的土地利用变化空间驱动力模型, 定量分析各土地利用类型变化的空间驱动因素, 进行未来建设用地空间格局模拟和预测, 为土地利用系统模拟与预测研究提供一种有效途径和工具。结果表明: 1989-2010 年研究区耕地大面积减少, 主要转为林地、草地和建设用地; 林地大面积增加, 主要来自于草地和耕地; 建设用地面积快速增加, 主要来自耕地、草地和未利用地; 草地、水域、未利用地面积持续减少。400 m 邻域范围内的地类邻域丰度自相关因子、坡度、坡向、距城镇、村庄、道路和自然保护区距离是影响土地利用变化的主要驱动因素。未来建设用地增加多发生在坝下中心城周围及河流谷地, 中心城区向南和向西扩展趋势明显, 万全县、怀来县、蔚县的建设用地增加较多, 且多围绕现有城镇中心进行扩张。     

张家口坝上地区景观生态分析

利用遥感影像,结合各种专题数据,得到张家口坝上地区2个时段景观分类数据,进而研究4县景观格局变化、景观稳定性状况,探讨景观格局对景观稳定性的影响,提出坝上地区景观建设对策.     

中国首都圈区域整合中的京张联系研究综述

笔者对中国首都圈研究的现有重要相关成果进行了梳理,并侧重于京张生态联系及其区域整合,就首都圈研究在空间范围划分、京张区域联系、张家口的区域功能定位及区域整合方法等方面的主要观点和研究进展进行了综述,强调了张家口在首都圈发展中的独特生态意义及京张区域整合的特殊性和重要性.     

Hf-W-Th evidence for rapid growth of Mars and its status as a planetary embryo

Terrestrial planets are thought to have formed through collisions between large planetary embryos of diameter ～1,000-5,000?km. For Earth, the last of these collisions involved an impact by a Mars-size embryo that formed the Moon 50-150?million years (Myr) after the birth of the Solar System. Although model simulations of the growth of terrestrial planets can reproduce the mass and dynamical parameters of the Earth and Venus, they fall short of explaining the small size of Mars. One possibility is that Mars was a planetary embryo that escaped collision and merging with other embryos. To assess this idea, it is crucial to know Mars' accretion timescale, which can be investigated using the (182)Hf-(182)W decay system in shergottite-nakhlite-chassignite meteorites. Nevertheless, this timescale remains poorly constrained owing to a large uncertainty associated with the Hf/W ratio of the Martian mantle and as a result, contradicting timescales have been reported that range between 0 and 15?Myr (refs 6-10). Here we show that Mars accreted very rapidly and reached about half of its present size in only 1.8(+0.9)(-1.0) Myr or less, which is consistent with a stranded planetary embryo origin. We have found a well-defined correlation between the Th/Hf and (176)Hf/(177)Hf ratios in chondrites that reflects remobilization of Lu and Th during parent-body processes. Using this relationship, we estimate the Hf/W ratio in Mars' mantle to be 3.51?±?0.45. This value is much more precise than previous estimates, which ranged between 2.6 and 5.0 (ref. 6), and lifts the large uncertainty that plagued previous estimates of the age of Mars. Our results also demonstrate that Mars grew before dissipation of the nebular gas when ～100-km planetesimals, such as the parent bodies of chondrites, were still being formed. Mars' accretion occurred early enough to allow establishment of a magma ocean powered by decay of (26)Al.     

GPS探空和飞机探测在2009年春季张家口地区一次降水过程分析中的应用

利用Vaisala RS-92型GPS探空仪加密探测和飞机云物理探测资料, 对2009年春季张家口地区一次层积云降水过程进行了研究。从准饱和区、位势不稳定区以及风场的演变等方面探讨了降水的宏观天气学特征; 从水汽输送、水汽总含量变化, 各高度水汽分布等方面分析了降水的水汽变化特征。同时, 对GPS探空和飞机探测结果进行了对比分析。