The occurrence and significance of C25HBI in Cenozoic saline lacustrine source rocks from the Western Qaidam Basin,NW China

The saline lacustrine deposit of the Oligocene Lower Ganchaigou Formation is the main source rock for the Western Qaidam Basin,NW China.In this study,abundant highly branched isoprenoids with 25 carbon atoms (C25HBI) were detected in the upper section of the Lower Ganchaigou Formation.C25HBI is a biomarker for diatoms,and can provide information regarding biogeochemical processes during production and preservation of sedimentary organic matter.The carbon isotopic values of C25HBI in these source rocks were in the range of-18‰ to-20‰.The relative enrichment in 13C of C25HBI suggests that these isoprenoids were derived from diatom blooms.In this case,the diatoms used HCO3-as an additional carbon source to dissolved CO2 in water column due to their high biological productivity.Conversely,the diatom blooms indicated an abundant nutrient supply to the environment and high primary productivity.Thus,the occurrence of 13C-enriched C25HBI could be an ideal marker for good source rocks.The decreased concentration of CO2(aq) in the water column induced by diatom blooms can result in an enrichment in 13C of organic matter synthesized by primary producers.This may be a possible reason for the occurrence of 13C-enriched organic matter in the Cenozoic source rocks of the Western Qaidam Basin.Previous studies have shown that the high carbon number n-alkanes sourced from diatoms have no carbon preference.Hence,the sources of n-alkanes in regional source rocks are complex,and should be considered when discussing the sources of organic matter in future studies.     

Molecular fossils and oil-source rock correlations in Tarim Basin, NW China

The distribution of "molecular fossils" (bio-markers) of steroid compounds in extracts from some spe-cific geologic age in the Tarim Basin have been analyzed andare used as the fingerprints for the oil-source rock correla-tion. Having been affected by maturation, migration, phasefractionation and biodegradation, not any molecular fossilsrelated to source and environment can be used as the finger-prints for oil-source rock correlation. Some special bio-markers widely existed in the extracts from Cambrian andOrdovician rocks in the Tarim Basin and showed obviousdifference in each stratum, including dinosteranes (C₃₀),4-methyl-24-ethyl-cholestanes (C₃₀) and their aromatizedsteroids, C₂₄-norcholestanes and C₂₈ steranes originated fromdinoflagellates and diatom. Few oils such as the heavy oildrilled in the Cambrian reservoir from Tadong 2 well (TD2)correlated well with the extracts from the Cambrian. Theamazing similarity of the relative contents of these com-pounds between the marine oils produced in Tazhong andTabei uplifts and the extracts from the Upper Ordoviciansuggests that the Middle-Upper Ordovician is the very likelymain source for the marine oils.     

Diets, eco-environments and seasonal variations recorded in the oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions of mammal tooth enamel from the Shunshanji site, Sihong County, Jiangsu Province, China

The carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of the tooth enamel of mammals, including deer, wild pigs, buffaloes and domesticated pigs from the Shunshanji site, Sihong County, Jiangsu Province, China, were analyzed to reconstruct the mammals’ ecoenvironments and diets, and to evaluate seasonal variations in the study area. Carbon isotopic compositions of buck samples revealed that the deer ate completely C₃ plants and the environments they inhabited were relatively open and that wild pigs ate primarily C₃ plants. Oxygen isotopic compositions indicated that the body sources of these two mammals were different, i.e. the deer and pigs lived in different niches within a relatively similar ecosystem. Modern domesticated pigs were isotopically more positive than the ancient wild pigs in carbon δ ¹³C values, suggesting the former ingested more C₃ plants relative to the latter. Although the δ ¹⁸O data showed modern domesticated and ancient pigs had similar oxygen isotope compositions, their water sources were different. The carbon and oxygen isotopic patterns of premolar microsamples of ancient and modern buffaloes indicated that the plants ingested by the ancient buffalo varied with seasonal shifts, but plants ingested by the modern buffalo were relatively constant. The eco-environment of the modern buffalo was more open, warmer and drier than eco-environment of the ancient buffalo, which may be the result of the deforestation and other human activities. Ancient and modern seasonal changes were clearly recorded in the isotopic patterns and the seasonal variation amplitudes of the ancient and modern eco-environments were similar.     

Features of major greenhouse gases in loess, Shanxi Province, China

According to the investigations of five loess sections in Shanxi Province, China, it was found that the concentrations of the major greenhouse gases CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O in loess-paleosol sequences are generally high, even sometimes may be several times or scores of times higher than their atmospheric concentrations respectively. Although the CO₂ concentration in the same loess section shows poor regularity among different layers, it increases slowly from north to south in space. The CH₄ concentration in the layers under Malan Loess is much higher than that in the atmosphere, although it is not high in Malan Loess. Most of the δ¹³C values of CO₂ in loess are -11.14‰—15.48‰ (relative to PDB standard). Analysis of carbon isotopic compositions of CO₂ indicates that the main source of CO₂ in loess section is decomposition of ‘stable’ organic matters by microbes. The δ¹³C_g of CO₂ is a little heavier than organic source for exchanging carbon isotope with carbonate in loess. The abundant carbonate in loess not only makes the loess a huge carbon reservior but also adjusts     

Geochemical characteristics and formation process of natural gas in Kela 2 gas field

 On the basis of a large amount of natural gascomponents and the carbon isotope as well as some otheranalysis data in Kela 2 gas field, the geochemical character-istics, source, origin, and formation process of natural gashave been discussed. The components of gas in the field tendto be "dry", and the drying coefficient is close to 1.0. Thecarbon isotope tends to be heavier, for instance, the averageof δ¹³C₁ is -27.36‰ and that ofδ¹³C₂ is -18.5‰. Compre-hensive analysis shows that humic natural gas in the Kuqapetroleum system comes mainly from Triassic and Jurassicsource rocks, and the contribution of Jurassic source rocks tothe pool maybe is more than that of Triassic rocks. The maincause that the gas tends to be dry and bears heavier isotopecomposition lies in the fact that Kela 2 natural gas is the ac-cumulation of late production of humic source rocks, and itis affected by the abnormal high pressure as well. Consider-ing the hydrocarbon generating and structural history, wecan regard the gas pool formation processes as twice fillingand twice adjusting (destroying), that is, the filling anddestroying process in the early Himalayan movement and thefilling and adjusting in the late Himalayan movement.     

Diet control on carbon isotopic composition of land snail shell carbonate

Carbon isotope compositions for both the carbonate shells and soft bodies (organic tissue) of living land snails collected mostly from the Loess Plateau, China have been measured. The result shows that δ 13C values range from -13.1‰ to -4.3‰ for the aragonite shell samples and from -26.8‰ to -18.0‰ for the soft body samples. Although the shells are enriched in 13C relative to the bodies averagely by 14.2(±0.8)‰, the shell δ 13Ca values are closely correlated to the body δ 13Corg values, expressed as δ 13Ca = 1.021 δ 13Corg 14.38 (R = 0.965; N = 31). This relationship indicates that δ 13Ca is primarily a function of the isotopic composition of the snail diets since previous studies have proved that the snail body is the same as their food in carbon isotope composition. In other words, carbon isotope compo-sition of the carbonate shell can be used as a proxy to estimate the dietary 13C abundance of the land snails. The data also support that the 13C enrichment of the carbonate shells results mainly from the equilibrium fractionations between the metabolic CO2, HCO3-in the hemolymph and shell aragonite, and partially from kinetic fractionations when snail shells form during their activity.     

Natural gas geochemistry of low evolutionary stage of medium- and small-sized basins in Yunnan Province, southwestern China

The biogenic gas and premature-low mature associated gases in some medium and small-sized basins of Yannan Province, such as Luliang, Yanglin, Baoshan and Jinggu basins, have beed researched. The results show that the biogenic-gas consists mainly of methane which is more than 99% in gasous hydrocarbons and of lighter carbon isotopic composition with δ13C1 values from -60.0‰ to - 75.4‰. The methane carbon isotopic compositions in the Baoshan Basin is relatively heavy (δ13C1 - 60‰- - 65‰), but those in Luliang and Yanglin basins are lighter (δ13C1, less than -70‰), which implies that the gas field of the Baoshan Basin formed earlier than the others. In the Jinggu Basin, where crude oil is premature-lower mature, the natural gas of associated oil relatively wet and the relative content of methane about 58%-95% in gasous hydrocarbons. Constituently the gas composition is much similar to associated one, but the methane carbon isotopic compositions from - 53.8‰ to - 57.8‰ are obviously richer in 12C than those of general oil fields and similarly characterize the biothermo-catalytic transitional zone gas. Their ethane carbon isotopic compositions from - 34.6‰ to -29.0‰ show that they may be derived from type Ⅰ or Ⅱ source rock. But for the associated gas from lower evolutionary stage, the heavier ethane carbon isotopic composition as well as the reversed order among the carbon isotopic composition of ethane, propylane and butane also implies that some gases from the type Ⅲ organic matter are mixed. The δ13CCo2 of the samples essentially less than - 10‰ may be generated from organic matter.     

Compound-specific carbon isotope compositions of individual long-chain n-alkanes in severe Asian dust episodes in the North China coast in 2002

Asian dust storms originating from the arid regions of central and eastern Asia and from the Loess Plateau in China frequently occur in spring [1,2]. Driven by the East Asian monsoon, Asian dust can be transported to northern Pacific Ocean[2―8]. Asian du…     

Long-chain branched/cyclic alkanes in recent sediment of Lake Fuxian and their environmental implications

Lake Fuxian is a large, deep, and oligotrophic freshwater lake. In recent sediment of this lake, a series of branched and cyclic alkanes, including branched alkanes with one or two quaternary carbon atoms （C2n compounds）, alkylcycloheptane, and alkylcyclohexane, were detected in high abundance. For each homolog of long-chain branched/ cyclic alkanes, molecules with only an odd or even carbon number were present in the sediment. The abundance vari- ation of each compound homolog corresponded to those of other compound homolog in the section, indicating the same origin of these compounds. The concentrations of long-chain branched/cyclic alkanes in the sediment profile exhibited variations similar to those of phytoplankton biomarkers, such as 3-methylJalkanes, short-chain odd carbon n-alkanes, hopene, polyunsaturated fatty acids, phytol, sterols, and long-chain alkyl diols, but slightly different from those of long-chain odd carbon n-alkanes, which are ubiquitous biomarkers for higher plants. Therefore, the Can compounds and long-chain cyclic alkanes in the lake sediment were most likely produced by algae and bacteria in the water, primarily, by the heterotrophic bacteria in the moderately oxygenated waters, which flourishing might be the results of specific water environments in Lake Fuxian.     

Vegetation evolution on the central Chinese Loess Plateau since late Quaternary evidenced by elemental carbon isotopic composition

There are many controversial issues in loess studies such as natural vegetation types on the Chinese Loess Plateau during the historical periods and the spatial and temporal evolution of C3/C4 plants. Elemental carbon isotopic composition （δ^13Cec） in the loess section may offer new evidence for these problems. Elemental carbon （EC） is produced by incomplete combustion of vegetation, and its carbon isotopic composition has a very small difference from that of the formal vegetation, then δ^13Cec can be used as a record to recover the changes of vegetation. Elemental carbon was extracted by applying the oxidation method from the Ioess-paleosol sequence in the central Chinese Loess Plateau, and its car- bon isotope composition was analyzed by the isotope mass spectrometer. The results showed that the vegetation in this region was a mixed type of C3 and C4 plants, dominated with C3 plants in most of the time. Since late Quaternary, C3/C4 plants may not follow a simple glacial-interglacial cycle mode on the Chinese Loess Plateau, but showing fluctuations. C3 plants increased gradually in L4 period, and more C3 plants occurred during $3 period, and C4 plants increased again during L3-- L2 periods, after that, Cs plants dominated again during S1 --S0 periods. During periods of paleosol development, C3 plants were abundant in S3 and S1, and there were more Ca plants in S2 and SO. During periods of loess sedimen- tation, there were more C3 plants in L4 and L1, and there were more C4 plants in L3 and L2. On the orbital timescale, the vegetation variations revealed by δ^13Cec record are consistent with the results of pollen data and also similar to the results obtained by organic carbon isotopic composition since the last glacial period.     

先锋褐煤二硫化碳和甲醇萃取物的分析

分别以CS2和甲醇为溶剂,辅以超声波对先锋褐煤进行常温萃取,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)分析萃取物的组成及结构。结果表明,两种萃取物中共检测到124种有机化合物;CS2萃取物中烃类化合物相对含量较高,占CS2萃取物总量的52.08%,从C14~C30(除C23外)烷连续分布;甲醇萃取物中含氧和含氮化合物相对含量较高,分别占甲醇萃取物总量的39.28%和20.95%;此外还检测到多种生物标示物。     

Sedimentary environment indicators: Benzothiazole and its derivatives

Benzothiazoles distributional characteristics of crude oils and non-hydrocarbon fractions of source rocks in Mangya depression of the Qaidam Basin, Lunnan oil field in the Tarim Basin, Kelamayi oil field in the Junggar Basin and the Tulufan Basin oil field were analyzed. It was found that the distributions of benzothiazole are remarkable diversity in different sedimentary environmental oils. The swamp crude oils contain high quantity of benzothiazole and relatively high quantity of alkylthio-benzothiazole and 2(3H)-benzothiazolone. But the quantity of the 2,2′-dithiobis- benzothiazole is relatively low. The abundance of benzothiazole and 2,2′-dithiobis-benzothiazole are relatively high in semi-brackish water lacustrine crude oils, but the quantity of alkylthio-benzothiazole and 2(3H)-benzothiazolone are relatively low. The benzothiazoles belong to weak acid and mild base compound, and their stabilization conditions relate to their environmental medium. The nitrogenous bases are in favor of alkalescence environment, while weak acid nitrogenous compounds are the main stable products under the weak acid environment. Benzothiazoles have great significance in identifying the oil- and gas-formed environment and the geochemistry study of non-hydrocarbon fraction in the future.     

Isotopic composition of organic carbon and elemental carbon in PM2.5 in Hangzhou, China

In order to identify the sources of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in airborne PM2.5 in Hangzhou, OC and EC were oxidized to CO2 offline in two thermal steps, and their carbon isotope compositions were measured by mass spectrometer. Results showed that the average δ13COC values were -52.8‰, -48.1‰, -50.0‰ and -52.5‰ in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively, and the annual average value was -50.9‰ (-85.0‰ to -35.6‰), whereas δ13CEC values were -26.4‰, -26.9‰, -26.7‰ and -25.9‰ in the four seasons, and its annual value was -26.5‰ (-30.5‰ to -23.8‰). Large differences were found between isotope compositions of the two types of carbon. δ13COC values were much smaller than those of δ13CEC, and varied in a large range, and the ratios in both spring and winter were the smallest. δ13CEC varied in a small range, and its mean values in four seasons were nearly the same. This suggests that the carbon isotope compositions of OC and EC in PM2.5 can provide useful information in distinguishing their sources.     

Carbon isotopic compositions of pore and matrix carbonates in carbonate nodules, and origin of carbonate formation

Carbon isotopes of pedogenic carbonate are often used to study paleoenvironments, but the existence of detrital carbonate changes the carbon isotopic composition. To develop an experimental method to determine existence of detrital carbonate in carbonate nodules, and to avoid it during isotope analysis, 23 pedogenic carbonate nodules in Miocene loess from the Loess Plateau of China were studied through micromorphology and carbon isotope analysis. The difference in carbon isotopic composition between matrix carbonate (B) and pore carbonate (A) (δ¹³C_(B-A)) ranges from 0.27‰ to 0.44‰ in nodules containing detrital carbonate and –0.16‰ to 0.13‰ in nodules where detrital carbonate is absent. The latter is within measurement error, but the former is beyond it. Here we propose an isotopic approach to determine if nodules contain detrital carbonate: if δ¹³C_(B-A) is within the measurement error, the nodules do not contain detrital carbonate, and vice versa. We suggest that it is better to analyze pore carbonate instead of matrix carbonate when using carbon isotope of carbonate nodules to reconstruct paleoenvironments.     

Comparison of the carbon isotope composition of total organic carbon and long-chain <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-alkanes from surface soils in eastern China and their significance

Surface soil samples collected over a high spatial resolution in eastern China were analyzed for carbon isotope composition （δ^13C） of total organic carbon （TOC） and higher plant-derived long-chain n-alkanes, with the latter reported as weighted mean values. The two sets of δ^13C values are significantly correlated and show similar trends in spatial variation. The spatial distribution of δ^13C shows less negative values in the mid-latitudes between 31°N and 40°N and more negative ones at higher and lower latitudes. This is consistent with previously reported carbon isotope data from surface soil phytoliths in the same region and suggests that the mid-latitude area provides relatively favorable growing condi- tions for C4 plants. Furthermore, δ^13C values of both TOC and long-chain n-alkanes from 12 surface soil samples collected from a small grassland in north China displayed similar carbon isotope values and the difference between paired δ^13C of a soil samples remains relatively constant. Our data demonstrate that in eastern China, soil δ^13C composition of both TOC and long-chain n-alkanes is effective indicators of C3/C4 ratios of the prevailing vegetation. This work suggests that -22‰ and -32‰ are good es- timated end members for the weighted mean δ^13C values of long-chain n-alkanes （C27, C29 and C31 n-alkanes） from soils under dominant C4 or C3 vegetation, allowing us to reconstruct paleovegetation trends.     

Distribution and characterization of C31 sterane from cretaceous sediments and oils, Songliao Basin, China

Relatively high abundance of C₃₁ steranes has been identified from cretaceous source rocks and crude oils in the Songliao Basin, China. C₃₁ steranes which occur as ten isomers were tentatively identified as 4, 22, 23, 24-tetrametyhlcholestane based on their retention time and mass spectrum. They bear a lower thermal stability and occur as important components in the immature oils of Chaochang region because they have three-methyl groups in their side chain. The relatively high abundance of C₃₁ steranes in the samples can indicate the source input of some special algae in the brackish and saline environment. Therefore they can be used as very useful bimarkers for organic facies analysis and oil correlation. Their biological source perhaps related to the dinoflagellate such asG. foliaceum andP. foliaceum. The gorgostanol are considered as possible precursors for the putative C₃₁4-methyl sterane which formed in the stage of diagenesis.     

Molecular phylogenetics of Gymnocypris （Teleostei：Cyprinidae） in Lake Qinghai and adjacent drainages

149 complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b (Cyt b) genes (1140 bp) of Gymnocypris przewaiskii, Gymnocypris eckloni and Gymnocypris scolistomus from the Lake Qinghai, Yellow River and Qaidam Basin were sequenced and analyzed. Consistent dendrogram indicated that the samples collected from the same species do not constitute a separate monophyletic group and all the samples were grouped into three highly divergent lineages (A, B and C). Among them, Lineage A contained all samples of G.przewaiskii from the Lake Qinghai and partial samples of the G. eckloni from the Yellow River. Lineage B contained the remaining samples of G. eckloni from the Yellow River.Lineage C was composed of a monophyletic group by G. eckloni from the Qaidam Basin. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that most of genetic variations were detected within these three mtDNA lineages (93.12%), suggesting that there are three different lineages of Gymnocypris in this region. Our Cyt b sequence data showed that G.przewaiskii was not a polytypic species, and G. scolistomus was neither an independent species nor a subspecies of G.eckloni. The divergent mtDNA lineages of G. eckloni from theYellow River suggested that gene flow between the different populations was restricted to a certain extent by several gorges on the upper reach of the Yellow River. Lineage B of G. eckloni might be the genetic effect from the ancestor which was incorporated with the endemic schizothoracinefishes when the headward erosion of the Yellow Riverreached to its current headwaters of late. The G. eckloni from Basin Qaldam was a monophyletic group (lineage C) and Fst values within G. eckloni from the Yellow River were higher than 0.98, suggesting that the gene flow has been interrupted for a long time and the G. eckloni from Basin Qaidam might have been evolved into different species by ecology segregation. The correlation between the rakers number of Gymnocypris and population genetic variation was not significant.All Gymnocypris populations exhibited a low nucleotide diversity (n=0.00096-0.00485). Therefore the Gymnocypris populations from Basin Qaidam could have experienced severe bottleneck effect in history. Our result suggested Gymnocypris populations of Basin Qaidam should give a high priority in conservation programs.     

柴达木盆地西部侏罗系油气勘探前景

柴达木盆地西部的侏罗系发育中、下侏罗统大、小煤沟组和上侏罗统采石岭组、红水沟组两套地层。中、下侏罗统以暗色含煤建造为主,暗色泥页岩发育;上侏罗统以氧化环境下沉积的红色碎屑岩建造为主,不具备生烃能力。区域地质调查及地震解释资料揭示中、下侏罗统湖相暗色泥页岩分布广、残留厚度大, 在清水沟和月牙山北分别发育了288m和256m厚的烃源岩。有机地球化学分析表明烃源岩有机碳含量平均达1.62%;有机质类型以Ⅱ2型为主,部分为Ⅲ型;正处于成熟阶段的生、排烃高峰期,具有较强的生烃能力。该区生储盖匹配良好,圈闭发育,具有较好的石油地质条件和良好的油气勘探前景。     

东濮凹陷北部地区古近系油型气成因类型及分布特征

以热压模拟实验模拟东濮凹陷干酪根热裂解和原油热裂解过程,分析干酪根热裂解气和原油裂解气组分特征的差异,以此建立干酪根热裂解成因气和原油裂解成因气的判识方法;结合东濮凹陷北部地区天然气碳同位素及天然气组分数据,对研究区油型气进行划分,进而探讨干酪根热裂解气与原油裂解气的分布特征。结果表明,研究区古近系油型气分为干酪根热裂解气与原油裂解气,干酪根热裂解气具有相对较高的C1/C2值和较低的C2/C3值特征,而原油裂解气则与之相反。干酪根热裂解气和原油裂解气的分布存在明显差异:前者分布范围更广,后者更近于洼陷中心分布,两者分布的差异性与其生成及成藏条件差异有关。根据干酪根热裂解气与原油裂解气分布特点,推测在邻近洼陷中心区具有良好的干酪根裂解成气及原油裂解成气的条件和油型气勘探前景。     

扎哈泉地区上干柴沟组砂岩储层致密化原因探讨

扎哈泉上干柴沟组是柴达木盆地致密油勘探潜力区域。上干柴沟组的下段(N_1~1)是典型致密储层,上段(N_1~2)是甜点储层特征。研究表明:构造运动中周围地块的挤压作用对致密储层的形成具有一定控制作用;双物源、近物源及物源变化的沉积作用,致使岩石矿物组份类型多样,岩屑含量高、组份复杂,岩石结构成熟度与成份成熟度低、颗粒沉积分异差,对储层致密化起决定性作用;机械压实、压实-胶结等破坏性成岩作用是储层致密化的主要外部因素,溶蚀作用改善了储层,并应用孔隙度演化模型对各成岩作用孔隙度变化进行了模拟,结果符合地质认识。