武汉市空气污染物长期变化规律研究

搜集了武汉市2006年~2013年8a间的PM10和气态污染物(包括SO2、NO2、NO、CO和O3)质量浓度监测数据.利用基于Loess的季节趋势分解和窗口滑动平均等时间序列分析方法提取了各种监测指标的长期趋势、季节变化和周变化规律.结果表明,武汉市PM10历经了6a的缓慢下降后于2012年后开始急剧上升,SO2出现明显的下降趋势,其他污染物在2013年之前呈现出小幅上升或基本稳定的趋势,2013年有明显上升;季节规律方面,PM10、SO2、NOX和CO都表现出冬季高夏季低的变化特征,O3则呈现相反的变化特征,另外每年4月PM10会出现一个小高峰现象;PM10表现出明显的周变化规律,呈现出以周三为谷值周六为峰值的周期性变化,而其他气态污染物基本没有明显的周变化规律.     

北京市2014年大气污染物空间分布特征分析

基于地理信息系统ArcGIS 10.2平台,采用反距离权重空间插值模型对2014年北京市35个环境质量监测点监测到的主要大气污染物:一氧化碳(CO)、二氧化氮(NO2)、臭氧(O3)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、细颗粒物(PM2.5)和二氧化硫(SO2)质量浓度年均值的变化规律及空间分布特性进行了分析.结果表明,在质量浓度分布上,2014年北京市CO、NO2、SO2、O3、PM10、PM2.5这6类大气污染物的质量浓度分别位于1～3 mg/m3、17.22 ～ 105.4 μg/m3、14.27～25.75 μg/m3、27～ 81μg/m3、76 ～ 179 μg/m3、67 ～ 123 μg/m3范围内.由此可知,北京市2014年大气污染物年均质量浓度除PM10和PM2.5外的其余污染物质量浓度并不高,都在轻度污染范围之内;在空间分布上,除O3质量浓度空间分布上呈现出北高南低的特征外,其余污染物均呈现南部、中部质量浓度较高,北部地区质量浓度较低的特征.     

河北邯郸市典型大气污染物的特性分析

根据对邯郸市大气污染物特征研究,分析污染物在线监测数据、气象数据和水溶性离子数据的变化规律.结果表明,除O3外,邯郸市近年来大气污染状况有所改善,但PM浓度仍明显高于河北省其他城市.PM2.5、PM10、SO2、CO浓度秋冬高,春夏低,O3浓度则相反.春节期间污染物浓度的变化特征表明,烟花爆竹对粗颗粒物的影响较大.对污...     

一次冷空气前后广州大气污染研究

以冷空气过境前后的广州市污染物数据为基础,运用Shapiro-Wilk检验、Pearson积矩和Spearman秩等方法,探讨PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、O3、CO的污染特征及变化规律.结果表明,PM2.5、PM10高浓度出现在8—9时和17—18时,低浓度出现在12—13时和0—1时.PM2.5和PM10相关性显著,PM2.5/PM10=0.62⁰.83,冷空气对PM2.5和PM10都有较好的清除作用.SO2浓度在7—8时出现峰值,3时出现谷值,良好的气象条件对SO2有明显的清除作用.NO2、CO高浓度出现在9时和19时,低浓度出现在15时和3时.冷空气对NO2有一定的清除作用,对于CO浓度增大的异常情况,推断与广州以北地区燃烧生物质有关.O3浓度日变化呈现单峰特征,15时浓度最高,5时浓度最低,冷空气在夜间过境对O3浓度影响较小.O3与CO、NO2存在显著的负相关,在光化学反应时间段O3/CO=0.060.83,冷空气对PM2.5和PM10都有较好的清除作用.SO2浓度在7—8时出现峰值,3时出现谷值,良好的气象条件对SO2有明显的清除作用.NO2、CO高浓度出现在9时和19时,低浓度出现在15时和3时.冷空气对NO2有一定的清除作用,对于CO浓度增大的异常情况,推断与广州以北地区燃烧生物质有关.O3浓度日变化呈现单峰特征,15时浓度最高,5时浓度最低,冷空气在夜间过境对O3浓度影响较小.O3与CO、NO2存在显著的负相关,在光化学反应时间段O3/CO=0.06⁰.12,O3/NO2=10.12,O3/NO2=1².     

元宵节燃放烟花爆竹对北京市空气质量的影响

本文利用2011年元宵节(2月17日)前后北京市主要大气污染物(PM10、SO2、NOX、CO和O3)的浓度数据和相关气象资料,分析了元宵节烟花爆竹燃放对北京市空气质量的影响.结果表明:元宵节大量鞭炮的集中燃放导致了PM10的急剧升高,影响时段主要在2月17日19:00到18日7:00.全市PM10最高小时浓度出现在17日23:00左右,全市平均达到469.3μg/m3,单站最高达到1307μg/m3;烟花爆竹的燃放对SO2、NOX和CO也有一定影响,且对CO的影响有一定的滞后性;燃放烟花爆竹对O3浓度影响很小;不同的采样点之间空气质量有所差异.另外,元宵节前后北京市的气象条件相对较好,API中烟花爆竹的贡献较高,但在良好的气象条件下,烟花爆竹燃放的影响很快消除.     

南通市大气污染物浓度变化特征及其与气象因素的关系

为了厘清南通市大气污染浓度的变化情况以及与气象因素之间存在的关系,分析南通市大气污染物潜在的输送来源。文章利用南通市2018年全年大气污染物资料和同期气象观测要素资料,对SO2、NO2、CO、O3、PM10、PM2.5污染物的时、日、月、季浓度变化规律及其与气象因素之间的关系进行分析,并结合南通市2次重污染天气过程,使用后向轨迹模式HYSPLIT4分析南通市大气污染物的主要来源。结果表明：SO2、NO2、CO、PM10和PM2.5浓度均呈现夏季最低,其次是秋季,冬、春季浓度最高,O3浓度呈现明显春、夏季高于秋、冬季。SO2、NO2、CO、O3年平均排放量均较低。一天当中不同时间段,气象因素影响情况不同导致污染物的浓度不同。O3浓度变化跟NO2浓度变化呈明显负相关性。O3污染最高的天气,一般是气压较低,能见度较好的晴朗天气。而研究发现,PM2.5在气温较低、湿度高、气压高、日降水量较小、能见度低且风速较小的气象条件下,污染浓度更容易升高。NO2在低温高湿,气压高且风速较小的气象条件下时跟容易堆积。NO2、CO、O3与6种常规气象要素均存在显著相关性。O3跟气象要素之间相关性关系正好与其他5种污染物相反(湿度除外)。通过两次重污染天气过程的后向轨迹分析,南通市大气污染物来源既有西北和偏北气流的长距离输送,也有偏西和偏南气流的区域性源。     

南宁市灰霾天气与空气污染物关系分析

根据2010年6月1日至2011年5月31日南宁市的环境监测数据和气象数据,分析南宁市灰霾天气特征,然后通过SPSS软件分析灰霾天气与能见度、颗粒物(PM2.5、PM10)浓度、气态污染物浓度和空气污染指数的关系,探讨南宁市灰霾天气与空气污染物的关系。结果发现,南宁市灰霾天气主要分布在秋、冬两季,PM2.5是直接造成南宁市灰霾天气的主要因子,PM10、SO2、NO2、CO和O3对灰霾天气的发生也有一定影响。PM2.5与PM10相关性最显著,与SO2、NO2相关性较显著,与CO相关性显著,与O3相关性不显著。     

基于多元时间序列的哈尔滨市PM2.5影响因素分析

为探究哈尔滨市PM2.5与其他空气污染物和气象因子间的动态关系,基于哈尔滨市2013-2018年日值空气质量数据和气象观测数据建立PM2.5质量浓度的多元时间序列模型.利用相关性较强且平稳的空气污染物(包括SO2,NO2,PM10,CO和O3)和气象因子(平均气温、极大风速、累计降水量、日照时数和平均气压)建立PM2....     

烟台市区大气中SO_2、NO_X及PM_(10)的时空分布规律研究

以2006—2007年烟台市区大气中SO2、NOX、PM10的监测数据为依据,分析了这3种大气污染物的时间、空间分布特征.结果表明:烟台市大气污染物浓度较低,空气质量较好.主要污染源为采暖排放、机动车排放与风沙影响.SO2、PM10污染呈明显的季节变化,SO2采暖季排放上升明显,PM10在春、秋的风沙时期保持较高的值.各污染物呈明显的区域性分布,SO2、PM10污染多集中在只楚工业区,NOX污染多集中在城市中心区域.     

昆明地铁环境空气质量检测分析

2014年7月,利用便携监测设备检测了昆明31个地铁站台及车厢内环境空气质量,对空气中砷化氢(As H3)、氨(NH3)、总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)、一氧化氮(NO)、二氧化氮(NO2)进行了检测分析.结果表明:(1)在高架站台(斗南站)与地下站台(东风广场站)气态污染物浓度的对比中,高架站台中As H2、NH3、NO、NO2的质量浓度分别为(117.25±1.94)、(53.93±7.30)、(395.66±5.13)、(89.77±17.82)μg·m-3,且TVOCs体积分数为(63.59±3.61)×10-9,而地下站台5种气态污染物质量浓度分别为(112.21±1.94)、(119.63±3.06)、(398.20±4.62)、(54.23±2.54)μg·m-3和(103.39±3.88)×10-9(体积分数),高架站台中As H3、NH3质量浓度和TVOCs体积分数比地下站台高,而NOx质量浓度高架站台比地下站台低;(2)在站台与车厢内气态污染物浓度的对比中,站台中As H3、NH3、NO、NO2的质量浓度分别为(116.27±1.19)、(106.92±5.50)、(397.71±3.83)、(61.11±4.58)μg·m-3,且TVOCs的体积分数为(95.68±4.29)×10-9,车厢中5种气态污染物的质量浓度分别为(119.63±1.22)、(120.53±2.97)、(384.53±2.71)、(78.83±3.36)μg·m-3和(113.83±4.08)×10-9(体积分数),其中站台的As H3、NH3及TVOCs浓度均明显低于车厢内浓度,而NOx两者相似;(3)在对31个站的监测中发现,As H3在31个站中质量浓度水平相差不大,其中东风广场站的As H3质量浓度最高,为126.81μg·m-3,NH3质量浓度和TVOCs体积分数在环城南路站最高,分别为145.26μg·m-3和155.73×10-9,NOx质量浓度在南部客运站最高,其中NO2质量浓度为158.21μg·m-3.本研究中发现,As H3、NH3和TVOCs浓度变化主要受客流量影响较大,NO、NO2的质量浓度变化主要受地面汽车尾气排放的影响.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-