七星公园植物多样性调查研究

为了解植物区域化分布特点及多样性,分别应用物种丰富度指数（S）、多样性指数（Shannon-Wiener指数）、优势度指数（Simpson指数）和均匀度指数（E）对七星公园植物群落进行了研究.结果表明：样方内植物乔木有9种,灌木7种,草本4种.表现出的丰富度指数为灌木层〉乔木层〉草本层;Shannon-Wiener指数为乔木层〉灌木层〉草本层;Simpson指数为乔木层〉草本层〉灌木层;Pielou均匀度指数为草本层〉乔木层〉灌木层.     

滁州龙蟠河公园绿地植物多样性研究

龙蟠河公园有47科72属101种园林植物。植物群落结构表现出的Margalef物种丰富度指数为灌木层乔木层草本层;多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数)为灌木层乔木层草本层;Pielou均匀度指数为灌木层乔木层草本层。建议在构建植物群落多样性时,优选乡土树种和具有明显地域特色的植物。     

南宁市园林滨水绿地植物多样性调查分析

采用样方调查方法,通过Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数分析南宁市9个园林滨水绿地植物群落物种丰富度、多样性及均匀度。结果表明:在100个样方共记录植物176种,其中乔木46种,灌木60种,草本70种;从整体来看,植物Margalef指数与Shannon-Wiener指数均表现为灌木层草本层乔木层,而Pielou指数则与前两者不同,表现为灌木层乔木层草本层;从不同类型的园林滨水绿地比较,各个指数的表现不尽相同;乔木层、灌木层、草本层的Margalef指数最大值(6.488、13.510、8.630)均出现在南湖公园,乔木层和灌木层Shannon-Wiener指数最大值(2.886、3.873)出现在南湖公园,草本层Shannon-Wiener指数最大值(2.236)出现在狮山公园;乔木层和草本层Pielou指数最高的是民生广场(0.906、0.970),灌木层Pielou指数最高的是狮山公园(0.847);Margalef指数和Shannon-Wiener指数高的植物群落物种丰富,群落结构较为复杂,生态功能较好;Pielou指数较低的群落植物造景手法多变、景观异质性高。     

神农架地区米心水青冈群落物种多样性特征

水青冈属(Fagus)植物是北半球温带森林的重要建群种,其中以米心水青冈(Fagus engleriana)分布最为广泛.以湖北神农架为研究点,采用标准样地调查法,应用物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、均匀度指数对米心水青冈林群落物种多样性,群落结构特征进行研究.结果表明:乔木层Shannon-Wiener指数为2.55,Simpson指数5.31,均匀度指数0.70,Shannon-Wiener指数与Simpson指数的顺序为草本层＞乔木层＞灌木层.径级分布研究表明整个群落更新状况良好.     

河南小秦岭自然保护区天然混交林物种多样性研究

应用物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数等指标对小秦岭国家级自然保护区西枣香林区1 hm固定样地内的植物区系组成和物种多样性进行研究分析.结果表明,样地内共有胸径≥1 cm的木本植物54种3514株,隶属于28科41属;区系成分较为复杂,以广布分布成分为主,同时含有一定比例的温带和热带区系分布,体现了该区南北过渡,东西交汇的特征.群落各层次的Shannon—Wiener多样性指数(H)表现为乔木层>灌木层>层间植物层;Hurlbert指数(DH)表现为乔木层>灌木层>层间植物层;Margalef丰富度指数(D2)表现为乔木层>灌木层>层间植物层;Pielou均匀度指数(J)表现为乔木层>灌木层>层间植物层;Simpson优势度指数(D1)表现为层间植物层>灌木层>乔木层.为认识和研究小秦岭物种多样性特点提供参考.     

都市残存林中樟树群落类型及物种多样性分析

选取武汉市残存林里常见的樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)林为研究对象,基于研究样地记录的15个样方中各物种的重要值,通过聚类分析中的组间连接法,对研究区域的残存樟树林进行了群落类型的划分;并运用Patrick丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数,对不同群落类型及不同结构层次的物种多样性进行了分析.结果表明：研究区域的残存樟树群落可划分为6个群丛,分别为：群丛1：樟－女贞－络石＋阔鳞鳞毛蕨群丛;群丛2：樟－女贞＋棕榈－中日金星蕨＋黑足鳞毛蕨群丛;群丛3：樟－海桐＋棕榈－井栏边草＋天葵群丛;群丛4：樟＋马尾松－海桐＋白花龙－络石＋阔鳞鳞毛蕨群丛;群丛5：樟－棕榈＋冬青－阔鳞鳞毛蕨群丛;群丛6：樟－栓皮栎－蕨群丛.其中Patrick丰富度指数R最高的是群丛1,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H、Pielou均匀度指数J、Simpson多样性指数D均最高的是群丛4.研究区域内残存樟树群落,垂直结构上明显分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层三层.就各层的多样性指数而言,多数表现为草本层>灌木层>乔木层;而群丛4例外,表现为灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层.该研究可为武汉市残存樟树林植被的恢复提供基本的科学依据.     

南方红壤侵蚀区植被恢复过程植物群落多样性

以福建省长汀县恢复2、7、13、30 a的4个不同恢复阶段的人工林地及未恢复地、风水林地对照地为研究对象,采用丰富度、多样性、均匀度及优势度指数对植被恢复过程中的植物群落多样性进行研究.结果表明:随着植被恢复过程的进行,植物群落物种呈总体增加之势,风水林样地达到最大,为31科55属60种,但植被的恢复与演替是一个漫长的过程;在植被恢复与演替过程中,乔木层、灌木层及草本层的Patrick丰富度指数、Shannon-wiener多样性指数、Sheldon均匀度指数及Simpson优势度指数变化规律不尽相同;在空间上,Patrick丰富度指数、Shannon-wiener多样性指数变化规律为:灌木层乔木层、草本层,而Sheldon均匀度指数及Simpson优势度指数的变化规律是:灌木层乔木层、草本层.     

老秃顶子自然保护区森林植被类型的植物多样性

为了得到老秃顶子自然保护区植物多样性的分布特征,采用标准地调查和室内统计分析的方法,对区内6种主要森林植被类型下的植物种类多样性规律进行了研究.结果表明,调查范围内共有维管束植物物种14～33种.其中乔木层的物种丰富度(S)为1～7,Shannon-Wiener指数为0～1.8095,Simpson指数为0～0.8791,Pielou均匀度指数为0.5580～0.929 9.灌木层的物种丰富度为3～12,Shannon-Wiener指数0.950 3～1.9517,Simpson指数0.6488～0.8241,Pielou均匀度指数0.6175～0.865.草本层的物种丰富度5～24,Shannon-Wiener指数0.7541～2.163 2,Simpson指数0.495 8～0.850 6,Pielou均匀度指数0.4686～0.7218.草本物种在群落的物种组成中占绝对优势,而乔木种类非常贫乏.杂木林的乔木层多样性和均匀度最高,人工落叶松林、人工红松林和蒙古栎林最低.杂木林的灌木层多样性最高,岳桦林的均匀度指数较高.蒙古栎林的优势草种比较明显,各多样性指数在所有样地中均达到了最低水平.物种数目随海拔梯度表现为先降低后升高再降低的规律,呈明显的双峰格局.     

雷山杜鹃群落特征及其物种多样性分析

为保护雷山杜鹃这一贵州特有野生杜鹃种,调查了雷山杜鹃野生资源及生境状况,并对其群落基本特征和物种多样性进行分析。结果表明,雷山杜鹃分布范围狭窄,仅集中分布在雷公山上部海拔2 155 m左右的区域,仅有1个雷山杜鹃群落,且林下仅见一、二年生幼苗;雷山杜鹃群落由多种生活型植物组成,其中以高位芽植物占优势,垂直结构以雷山杜鹃为主的乔木层占优势,主要灌木和草本植物均呈斑块状镶嵌;雷山杜鹃群落多样性特征表现为:Pielou指数,草本层灌木层乔木层;Shannon-Wiener指数,草本层灌木层乔木层;Simpson指数,乔木层草本层灌木层,根据以上数值可知雷山杜鹃群落草本层的物种最为丰富,分布更为均匀,乔木层与草本层的优势种非常明显。     

大石门沟森林公园群落结构与物种多样性特征

采用典型样地法,利用物种多样性指数、均匀度指数、生态优势度指数分析大石门沟森林公园群落结构和物种多样性.结果表明:1)乔木和草本种类丰富,但灌木种类较少.调查区域内乔木共28种,灌木26种,草本91种,分属58科107属,各种类主要以阔叶落叶种为主;2)群落水平结构分布规律不明显,但在垂直结构上呈现出一定的规律性,可分为乔木层、草本层、灌木层.乔木层和草本层结构相对复杂稳定,灌木层结构单一;3)各群落乔木层优势种明显,群落Ⅰ、群落Ⅱ、群落Ⅲ都由3~4个优势种组成,群落Ⅳ乔木层只有1种优势种,如果不进行人工干预,短时间不会改变这种状况;4)群落间的物种多样性指数差异不显著,但各群落的灌木层多样性指数远小于乔木层和草本层,即草本层乔木层灌木层,物种多样性与物种丰富度和分布均匀度呈正相关.整体来看,大石门沟森林公园物种多样性指数整体趋势为群落Ⅱ群落Ⅲ群落Ⅰ群落Ⅳ.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.