单张正面人脸图像的三维人脸重建方法研究

针对基于单张正面人脸图像进行三维人脸重建时所需脸部侧面深度信息缺失的问题，提出基于BP神经网络快速三维重建方法。通过建立BP神经网络估计出正侧面人脸数据的关系，从而由输入的正面数据得到侧面数据，并对BP算法做出改进，加速了算法的收敛，提高了拟合的精度。然后利用获取的人脸侧面数据调整CANDIDE-3人脸模型，生成近似图...     

一种结构自适应的聚类神经网络

为了解决聚类分析中聚类数的确定问题，在SOFM神经网络的基础上，从聚类准则出发，通过试验对聚类准则的曲线特征进行了详细的分析和论证，设计出一种结构自适应的聚类神经网络，该网络能自动确定最佳的聚类数，并提出了一种减少计算量的改进算法。     

基于PCNN捕获-抑制机制的图像分类器设计

针对医学图像识别的重要性,本文提出了一种结合彩色图像特征场和基于脉冲耦合神经网络捕获-抑制机制的图像分类器设计方法.首先,构造符合人类视觉的彩色图像特征场;然后,利用脉冲耦合神经网络设计分类器实现对图像的识别.最后,应用于JAFFE人脸表情数据库和中医舌象的分类识别中,并与ADABOOST方法和SVM方法进行比较.实验结果表明,本文方法可以获得更好的医学图像识别效果.     

极大熵聚类算法的收敛性定理证明

有关极大熵聚类算法收敛性的研究是理论研究的一个热点问题,有的学者认为迭代序列的极限点有可能不是目标函数的严格局部极值点.针对这个问题,文中用科学计算软件对相关文献中给出的例子进行了实验,说明该例子并不能否定极大熵聚类算法收敛性定理.最后,从理论上给出了极大熵聚类算法收敛性定理的一个证明.     

基于谱聚类的图像多尺度随机树分割

针对谱聚类（spectral clustering）应用于图像分割时权矩阵的谱难以计算的实际问题，定义了像素点与类之间的距离，给出一个采样数定理，设计了一个图像的分层分割（hierarchical divisive）算法．在利用该算法进行图像分割时，由于既要对待分类的点进行随机抽样，又要通过调节尺度因子来合并较小的类或拆分较大的类，因此图像的分割既具有随机性又具有多尺度特性，称之为基于谱聚类的图像多尺度随机树分割（multiscale stochastic hierarchical image segmentation byspectral clustering，简写为MSHISSC）．实验结果表明了算法的有效性．     

基于样本密度的非监督动态改进FCM算法

针对传统FCM算法中聚类结果对初始聚类中心敏感,分类数C依赖于先验知识确定的不足,提出了基于样本密度的非监督动态改进FCM算法。该算法基于初始样本密度确定初始聚类中心,基于模糊伪F统计量自动确定最佳分类数,实现了基于样本密度非监督状态下的动态聚类。选取瓦斯涌出量的聚类分析进行应用,应用结果表明,该算法能合理选择初始聚类中心并动态确定分类数,降低了对初始聚类中心的依赖度,提高了收敛速度和自动化程度,并能根据指标做出正确预测。     

带信息反馈的凝聚层次聚类算法

本文针对传统的基于相似性的层次聚类算法存在的两个问题(相似性度量中方向信息的丢失和算法的适应能力弱)提出了一种带有信息反馈的凝聚层次聚类算法.首先将无法预知的复杂数据结构描述成3个基本的结构特征单元,并对其进行建模构建一种相似性度量定义的泛型和一种凝聚的层次聚类算法.在凝聚的层次聚类算法中加入类信息的反馈机制,并在不同阶段对相似性定义的泛型进行具体化,充分利用数据点对之间的方向信息和距离信息进行聚类.该聚类算法主要有两大优势:(i)算法的适应能力较强,不需要假设的前提下可以处理无法预知的复杂数据结构;(ii)算法对噪声具有较强的鲁棒性,在不需要对数据集进行预处理的情况下能够在聚类的过程中识别噪声点或者噪声类.从人工数据和真实数据的试验结果可以看出新算法的优越性能.     

实时人脸特征提取

快速精确的人脸特征提取是人脸识别和表情分析的基础.文中提出了一种新型高效的视频人脸几何特征实时提取方法.视频输入图像以加权图形式表示,通过在加权图上的随机游动实现人脸像素级特征的自动提取,脸部特征包括外轮廓、眉毛、眼睛、鼻子和嘴唇.加权图采用8-邻接结构,定义在图的边上的加权值反映随机游动通过该边的似然度.随机游动模拟了一个各向异性的扩散过程,此扩散过程在滤除图像噪声点的同时保留下脸部特征点.随机游动从一些事先通过颜色和运动信息确定的、最具人脸特征的种子点开始,通过随机游动获得的人脸特征点以其原始形式统一保存在多个链表结构中,并根据人脸各部分的相对位置聚集成对应的特征点集合.有关人脸结构的先验知识通过Bayes方法结合到分析过程中.为了便于高层视觉计算,采用统计形状分析方法,将人脸特征点进一步表示成形状和配准信息,形状是具有仿射不变特性的几何信息,用于描述人脸的全局特征.形状的距离度量采用Procrustes距离.实验结果表明,提出的方法快速高效,能够实时地从视频中提取出人脸特征,在一定程度的光线变化、尺度变化、头部转动、手部干扰的情形下仍可以正常工作.     

基于鸽群智能行为的大规模无人机集群聚类优化算法

未来空中战场,大规模无人机集群系统将成为主导力量.而对大规模无人机集群系统进行分组聚类是完成作战任务规划的必要步骤.在实际战场中无人机受到有限通信约束,无法得到全面而有效的全局作战信息.因此本文提出一种基于鸽群智能行为的大规模无人机集群聚类优化算法.根据聚类模型设计鸽群优化算法,研究分析导航能力优异的鸽群智能行为,将鸽群飞行过程中的层级网络机制映射到鸽群优化算法中,解决有限交互环境下的信息不完整问题.一方面,依据鸽群在飞行过程中来自临近个体的引导更为有效直接,因而在有限交互环境下,基本鸽群优化算法中的全局最优信息由交互范围内的最优个体信息替代;另一方面,鸽群的中心位置更新包括三部分:增量惯性部分、模仿部分、环境影响部分.为验证改进后鸽群优化算法在有限交互范围下的有效性,本文采用三种算法针对三个数据集进行聚类分组,仿真结果表明改进后的鸽群优化算法在最优解与平均最优解上均有改善,为实际作战环境下的无人机集群系统聚类分组提供了有效的解决方法.     

基于模块性指标优化的层次聚类算法

层次形成的正确性决定了层次聚类的质量，通常围绕对象类内类间关系评价实现。本文基于聚类目标，综合考虑类内类问关系，借鉴网络分析中模块性评价准则，设计用于层次聚类的模块性指标，并采用自底向上合并的途径实现指标优化从而完成聚类，提出一种基于模块性指标优化的层次聚类算法。仿真试验表明，和谱聚类算法相比，本文介绍的算法实现简单，能以较少的计算代价，准确地获得样本特征，实现聚类。     

Implications of toxins in the ecology and evolution of plant pathogenic microorganisms: Bacteria

This review attempts to rationalise what is known about bacterial phytotoxins and associate it with the ecology and possible evolution of the producing organisms. Study of non-toxin producing variants gives insight into the ecological role of the toxin. Elucidation of chemical structures of phytotoxins has shown that many exist as families of analogous compounds. Studies on the variation of chemical structures and how they are distributed across species and genera can lead to development of hypotheses on evolutionary relationships. Knowledge on biosynthetic pathways to tosins allows recognition of specific enzymatic steps involved in developing the characteristic features of the structures. Phytotoxins often have a potent biochemical activity, and in some cases the producing organism has associated mechanisms to prevent action of the toxin upon itself; in such cases toxigenesis is clearly not a chance event. The various aspects of bacterial toxigenesis indicate that bacterial phytotoxins are special secondary metabolic products that play beneficial roles to the producing organisms in their various ecological niches.     

Inherent properties and statistics with individual particles in quantum mechanics

This paper puts forward the hypothesis that the distinctive features of quantum statistics are exclusively determined by the nature of the properties it describes. In particular, all statistically relevant properties of identical quantum particles in many-particle systems are conjectured to be irreducible, ‘inherent’ properties only belonging to the whole system. This allows one to explain quantum statistics without endorsing the ‘Received View’ that particles are non-individuals, or postulating that quantum systems obey peculiar probability distributions, or assuming that there are primitive restrictions on the range of states accessible to such systems. With this, the need for an unambiguously metaphysical explanation of certain physical facts is acknowledged and satisfied.     

Spasmin-like proteins in various ciliates revealed by antibody to purified spasmins ofCarchesium polypinum

Summary It was found that some ciliates,Stentor, Spirostomum andBlepharisma, which can contract rapidly like the stalks of Vorticellidae, have Ca²⁺-binding proteins that are very similar to spasmins, in the immunological sense. The presence of spasmins in other Protozoa and in some Metazoa was also investigated.     

Instar-specific defensive secretions of stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

Defensive secretions (allomones) from first-instar nymphs of stink bugs in the subfamily Pentatominae contain (E)-4-oxo-2-decenal as a major constituent, whereas this compound is absent from later instars. In contrast, first instars ofEdessa meditabunda (Edessinae) produce allomones like those of later instars. The C₆ and C₈ (E)-4-oxo-2-alkenals are common, characteristic exocrine compounds of nymphal and adult Heteroptera, but (E)-4-oxo-2-decenal is previously unknown as a major natural product for which a biological role has yet to be established.     

Partial sequence of the gene for a serine protease from a halophilic archaeumhaloferax mediterranei R4, and nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA encoding genes from several halophilic archaea

A part of the gene coding for a halophilic serine protease from a halophilic archaeumHaloferax mediterranei R4 was amplified by PCR and its 672 nucleotide sequence was determined. Tentative translation to the amino acid sequence suggested that the enzyme was quite similar to halolysin produced by another halophilic archaeum strain 172P1. Nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA encoding genes from 9 halophilic archaea were determined. Alignment of 19 sequences known so far showed that there are more than 20 positions carrying bases or deletions specific for each halobacterial genus:Halobacterium, Haloarcula, Haloferax, andHalococcus.     

Endorcine cells producing regulatory peptides

Summary Recent data on the immunologication of regulatory peptides and related propeptide sequences in endocrine cells and tumours of the gastrointestinal tract pancreas, lung, thyroid, pituitary (ACTH and opioids), adrenals and paraganglia have been revised and discussed. Gastrin, xenopsin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin, motilin, secretin, GIP (gastric inhibitory beenrevised and discussed. Gastrin, xenopsin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin, motilin, secretin, GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide), neurotensin, glicentin/glucagon-37 and PYY (peptide tyrosine tyrosine) are the main products of gastrointestinal endocrine cells; glucagon, CRF (corticotropin releasing factor), somatostatin, PP (pancreatic polypeptide) and GRF (growth hormone releasing factor), in addition to insulin, are produced in pancreatic islet cells; bombesin-related peptidesare the main markers of pulmonary endocrine cells; calcitonin and CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide) occur in thyroid and extrathyroid C cells; ACTH and endorphins in anterior and intermediate lobe pituitary cells, -MSH and CLIP (corticotropoin-like intermediate lobe peptide) in intermediate lobe cells; met- and leu-enkephalins and related peptides in adrenal medullary and paraganglionic cells as well as in some gut (enterochromaffin) cells; NPY (neuropeptide Y) in adrenalin-type adrenal medullary cells, etc.. Both tissue-appropriate and tissue-inappropriate regulatory peptides are produced by endocrine tumours, with inappropriate peptides mostly produced by malignant tumours.     

Evolutionary and ecological implications of cardenolide sequestration in the monarch butterfly

Summary Monarch butterflies sequester cardenolides from their larval host plants in the milkweed genusAsclepias for use in defense against predation. Of 108Asclepias species in North America, monarchs are known to feed as larvae on 27. Research on 11 of these has shown that monarchs sequester cardenolides most effectively, to an asymptote of approximately 350 g/0.1 g dry butterfly, from plants with intermediate cardenolide contents rather than from those with very high or very low cardenolide contents. SinceAsclepias host plant species are distributed widely in space and time across the continent, monarchs exploit them by migration between breeding and overwintering areas. After overwintering in central Mexico, spring migrants east of the Rocky Mountains exploit three predominantAsclepias species in the southern USA that have moderately high cardenolide contents. Monarchs sequester cardenolides very effectively from these species. First generation butterflies are thus well protected against predators and continue the migration north. Across the northern USA and southern Canada most summer breeding occurs on a fourthAsclepias species and in autumn most of these monarchs migrate back to Mexican overwintering sites. The ecological implications of this cycle of cardenolide sequestration for the evolution of monarch migration are discussed.     

Anthelmintic activity of a benzimidazoline compound in sheep by abomasal infusion

Summary In vitro and in vivo data on the benzimidazoline compound indicate anthelmintic potential when introduced directly into the abomasum.     

Cognition wars

In what kinds of physical systems can cognition be realized? There are currently competing answers among scientists and theorists of cognition. There are many plant scientists who maintain that cognition can be realized in plants. There are biological scientists who maintain that cognition is materially realized in bacteria. In this paper, I will present the basis for such claims and evaluate them and discuss the future for theories of the metaphysical basis of cognition in the cognitive sciences.     

Bioaccumulation processes in ecosystems

The fate of environmental pollutants — the various isotopes of elements, and inorganic or organic compounds — is a fundamental aspect of ecology and ecotoxicology, and bioaccumulation is a phenomenon often discussed in this context. Human activities have drastically altered natural concentrations of many substances in the environment and added numerous new chemicals. An understanding of the processes of bioaccumulation is important for several reasons. 1) Bioaccumulation in organisms may enhance the persistence of industrial chemicals in the ecosystem as a whole, since they can be fixed in the tissues of organisms. 2) Stored chemicals are not exposed to direct physical, chemical, or biochemical degradation. 3) Stored chemicals can directly affect an individual's health. 4) Predators of those organisms that have bioaccumulated harmful substances may be endangered by food chain effects. While former theories on the processes of bioaccumulation focused on single aspects that affect the extent of accumulation (such as the trophic level within the food chain or the lipophilicity of the chemical), modern theories are based on compartmental kinetics and the integration of various environmental interactions. Concepts include results from quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR), pharmacokinetics, ecophysiology and general biology, molecular genetic aspects and selection, and finally the structure of communities and man-made alterations in them.