多花木兰根系抗拉特性及边坡稳定性分析

以护坡典型植物多花木兰根系为对象进行室内抗拉试验;在假定滑动面平行于坡面的前提下,推导生态护坡中坡体稳定系数的计算公式;研究不同坡度下根系的抗拉力、抗拉强度、弹性模量及边坡的稳定性.研究表明:多花木兰根系抗拉力随着直径的增大呈幂函数增加;根系抗拉强度为21.15~76.08MPa,随着直径的增加呈幂函数减小;坡度越大,同一直径根系的抗拉力与抗拉强度越大.多花木兰根系弹性模量为0.64~2.33GPa,随着直径的增加其弹性模量逐渐减小;根系直径为1.2~2.2mm时,弹性模量减小的幅度大,其他区间减小的幅度较小.坡体的稳定系数与根系的抗拉力呈正相关关系,与边坡的坡度呈负相关关系,并受根的生长方向和密度、植物的种植密度以及原状土的性质等影响.坡体的稳定系数随根系直径的增加呈线性增加.     

前缘反倾式锁固型滑坡变形破坏模式及失稳机理

了解滑坡的失稳机理和破坏模式是对其进行预防预报的前提。采用物理模型试验方法,以降雨为触发条件,进行多次模型试验,记录前缘反倾式锁固型边坡在不同坡面形态时的变形破坏现象,研究该类边坡的失稳机理及破坏模式。研究结果表明:前缘反倾式锁固型边坡为后缘推移式滑动破坏,该类边坡失稳始于边坡后缘,其破坏模式为开始降雨→雨水从坡面入渗,边坡土体强度降低→后缘土体发生沉降→前缘土体发生垮塌→坡体后缘持续下沉,推动边坡底部土体向前滑动-坡体前缘出现推挤隆升现象-边坡整体失稳破坏;前缘反倾式锁固型边坡发生整体失稳的根本原因是边坡前缘土体强度降低及垮塌,致其无法提供足够的抗滑力,边坡发生整体失稳。研究成果对此类滑坡的预防预报具有一定的指导意义。     

全长注浆锚杆布设方式对边坡稳定性的影响分析

为了分析锚杆倾角、布设位置和布设形式对边坡稳定性的影响,通过FLAC3D建立数值计算模型,利用双弹簧cable单元建立锚杆系统,计算边坡安全系数以及锚杆的力学响应。表明:(1)锚固边坡存在最优锚固角,其随锚杆长度的增加而逐渐增大;锚杆倾角超过最优锚固角后,边坡的安全系数与锚杆倾角符合线性关系;锚杆轴力沿杆体呈先增大后减小的趋势,最大值出现在杆体中间;(2)随着锚杆布设位置的下移,边坡安全系数呈先增大后减小的趋势,当锚杆布设在坡面中下部时得到的安全系数最大;(3)下排锚杆对安全系数的影响较大;长短相间锚杆破坏了原始滑动面的连续性,改变滑动面形状和位置,引起不同的加固效应。     

凹陷露天矿内排土护坡体破坏模式及关键参数

根据瑞典圆弧法积分求解原理,结合护坡体结构特征,判断护坡体破坏模式并推导其安全系数表达式,分析台阶高度h、平台宽度d以及台阶坡面角β等对护坡体安全系数F_s的影响规律及影响程度.通过护坡体数值模拟结果,分析护坡体的位移变化规律以及潜在滑移面特征,并判断其破坏特征.研究结果表明：护坡体的破坏模式是以土体-块石交界面为底界面,以土体圆弧为侧界面的顺层圆弧滑动.随着护坡体台阶高度与台阶坡面角增大,其安全系数减小,最大位移量与应变量增大;随着护坡体平台宽度增大,其安全系数增大,最大位移量与应变量减小.台阶坡面角是影响护坡体安全系数与最大位移量的关键结构参数.     

高陡黄土边坡多级有限填土加筋土-框锚组合体系抗滑分析

针对黄土滑塌高边坡治理加固中的空间受限、高填方填筑及水平位移变形等问题,提出了多级有限填土加筋土-框锚组合体系;目前对其抗滑稳定分析鲜有研究。依托陕西铜川某高陡边坡为背景,通过利用有限元数值计算和现场监测、测试,分析了该组合体系抗滑作用效果。结果表明:随着支护结构的逐步施加对边坡位移控制明显,锚索轴力变化具有一定的规律性。锚索自由段轴力最大,锚固段轴力变化曲线呈下凹型,向尾部方向逐渐变小,端部接近零;锚索应力对坡体内部变形敏感程度较高,锚索对坡体位移控制起到关键作用。有限加筋土-框锚组合体系协同作用下,框架锚索提供抗滑力约占总抗滑力的62. 73%,有限加筋土挡墙提供抗滑力约占总抗滑力的37. 27%,框架锚索与有限加筋土分担下滑力比值为1. 68∶1。有限填土加筋土与框架锚索组合柔性支挡结构可以有效治理黄土滑塌高边坡病害,实现了预期的抗滑设计效果。研究结果为中国范围内同类高陡边坡治理提供有益的参考,为拓展边坡与地质灾害治理方式和理论提供基础依据。     

基于根系形态的根系固坡作用数值分析

将土体、根系作为一个复合的整体,选择典型护坡植物夹竹桃为对象,利用非线性有限元计算方法研究在雨水侵蚀力和坡面径流侵蚀力作用下,不同分布密度和不同侧根数量的根系对边坡表层土体稳定性的影响。结果表明,在降雨条件下,植物根系的存在能有效提高边坡表层土体整体刚度,随着根系的侧根数量和植株分布密度的增大,边坡表层位移量逐渐减小,雨水对边坡表层土体的侵蚀也逐渐减小,从而使边坡表层土体稳定性提高。     

竖向荷载作用下根-土界面指标的特征探究

为探索乔木根系在浅层土体中的摩阻特性,对土中乔木根系进行了竖向拉出试验.首先通过数据的整体特征,对乔木根系受拉过程的表现进行阶段的划分,并建立相对应的表征数据概念,同时对受拉过程进行分析.试验结果表明:乔木根系在土中受拉直至拔出的过程存在明显的几个阶段,每个阶段均呈现不同的特性,可以利用拉力-位移曲线进行直观判断;同时,在施加竖向拉力的同时,对于不同倾斜角度(试验研究的倾斜角度在30°~90°)的根系样本,其所呈现的受拉特性也不相同,主要体现在:大量的特征指标(包括剪切斜率、平台位移、第二位移及松弛斜率)随着倾斜角度的增大均表现出线性变化,或随着倾斜角度的正弦值或余弦值表现出规律变化.研究成果为拓展乔木根系对边坡防护的治理提供了一定的借鉴,对乔木的固土护坡及相关的植被护坡研究有积极的意义.     

GPS在山区高速公路边坡监测中应用

安川公路沿线部分路段沿着水库修建,使得该路段岩石岩质总体上较弱,并且风化裂隙发育,当路堑边坡开挖或遇水浸润弱化时,可能产生边坡局部或大面积失稳现象,若开挖后坡体发生破坏,造成的损失不可估量。为研究危险路段的施工要求和施工效果,指导危险路段的施工工艺,提高工程质量,必须对危险地段的变形实施监控测量。相对于传统的测量方式,GPS测量具有测点无需通讯、定位精度高、观测时间短以及提供三维坐标等特点。文中针对安川公路中部分路段面临的特殊地质水文特点,采用GPS技术对安川公路某路段边坡的变形进行监测测量。结果表明:边坡坡体与坡表的位移方向基本一致,但坡表位移量要大于坡体深部位移量。其原因是边坡应用锚索框架梁和抗滑桩进行加固后,滑动面下部的边坡体是稳定的,而滑动面上部边坡体处于滑动状态,且从滑动面到坡表之间滑动量呈线性变化,越靠近坡表位移变化量越大。     

植被固坡的力学初探与数值模拟

植被固坡是利用植被涵水固土的原理来进行边坡加固及坡面防护,同时美化生态环境的一种新型护坡技术。着重分析草本植物根系土体加筋作用与边坡稳定性的关系,采用理论方法与有限元数值模拟对植被固坡进行分析,将表层滑动、整体滑动及降雨入渗等情况下的植被边坡与相应的裸露边坡对比,分析两者之间稳定系数差距产生的原因及影响因素,总结植被固坡效果和规律。为植被在边坡稳定、水土保持和生态修复等方面的工程应用提供理论指导。     

浅层滑坡中乔木直根阻滑效应及变形特性试验研究—平行双根

为探索乔木根系在浅层滑坡中的阻滑效应及变形特性,以自行设计加工的大型层叠式根土复合体直剪仪为基础,对海口地区橡胶树(乔木)直根进行了不同深度剪切面处的乔木根土复合体大型直剪试验,得到了不同剪切面处乔木根系的阻滑能力及变形特性。试验结果表明：对比相同推力作用下含根土和素土剪切盒位移发现根系的存在具有提高土体强度延缓破坏的能力,乔木根系的存在主要通过根土之间的摩擦力起到对土体的加筋作用来有效提高土体的强度。随着剪切深度的增大,根系的阻滑能力逐渐加大,但加筋率逐渐减小;靠近剪切面处的根系相对位移最大,随着距剪切面距离的增加根系位移逐渐减小;根系的变形说明根系有将剪切面上下土体连成整体共同承受剪力的作用且根系变形越大抵抗抗剪强度的能力越大。研究成果对于深入研究乔木直根在浅层滑坡中的阻滑及变形机理提供了试验依据,为更好的将植被根系的阻滑作用运用到浅层边坡治理中奠定了基础。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-