10-Hydroxy-Δ2-decenoic acid in the honeybee(Apis mellifera)

Zusammenfassung Die Mandibulardrüsen der Honigbienen-Arbeiterinnen enthalten 10-Hydroxy-²-decensäure. Es wird angenommen, dass diese Drüsen die Quelle der im Weisel- und Arbeiterinnenlarvenfutter vorkommenden 10-Hydroxy-²-decensäure sind.     

Über eine neue Synthese von 18-Hydroxy- und 18-Oxo-progesteron

Summary 18-Hydroxyprogesterone (VII) and the corresponding 18-aldehyde (IX), hitherto only accessible with difficulty from natural 18-substituted steroids, have been synthesized starting from progesterone.

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Über Steroide, 188. Mitt.

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187. Mitt. s.Ch. Meystre, K. Heusler, J. Kalvoda, P. Wieland, G. Anner undA. Wettstein, Helv. chim. Acta45, 1317 (1962).     

Synthese von 5α- und 5β-Androstan-17β-ol-3-on-17-acetat aus Hyodesoxycholsäure

Summary 5- and 5-androstane-17-ol-3-one-17-acetate have been prepared from 5-androstane-6, 17-diol-3-one-17-acetate by a synthesis involving directedHuang-Minlon-reduction.Separation of 5-androstane-17-ol-3-one from its 5-isomer could readily be achieved by crystallisation of their 3-ethylenketals from acetone.     

Effects of 4-Hydroxy-17-α-methyltestosterone and prednisolone on wound healing

Riassunto Il trattamento associato di 4-idrossi-17--metiltestosterone (Oranabol) e Prednisolone ha determinato sui processi di guarigione delle ferite cutanee del topo una risposta riparativa che lascia intravedere la possibilità di una neutralizzazione da parte degli stereoanabolizzanti dell'azione inibente dei cortisonici.     

Über die Ausscheidung von 3β-Hydroxy-17-Ketosteroiden im Harn von Meerschweinchen

Summary 11-hydroxy-epiandrosterone was isolated and identified from urine of normal untreated female guinea pigs. After cold and hot acid hydrolysis of the urine, we found another 3-hydroxy-17-oxosteroid. Its character was investigated by several methods and we suppose this steroid is9(11)-epiandrosterone, an artificial product of 11-hydroxy-epiandrosterone.     

Zur Umsetzung von 3α-Hydroxy-5β-Steroiden mit Blei(IV)-acetat

Summary On treatment of 3-hydroxy-5-steroids with lead tetra-acetate formation of 3, 9-oxides is observed. The yields of this ring closure reaction decrease significantly in the order 11-keto, ^{9, 11}-ene and ring-C saturated compounds.     

Δ1-Cyclopentenenitrile

Zusammenfassung Auf Grund stereochemischer Überlegungen wird angenommen, dass eine ionische 1,2-cis-Abspaltung in der Cyclopentan-Reihe leichter erfolgt als im Cyclohexan-System. In Übereinstimmung damit wird eine gute Methode für die Herstellung von ¹-Cyclopentennitril beschrieben.     

Phosphoribomutase- und 5-Phosphoriboisomerase-Aktivität in isolierten Zellkernen

Summary The existence of phosphoribomutase and 5-phosphoriboisomerase has been demonstrated in isolated cellular nuclei from rat liver and swine kidney. Phosphoribomutase has been shown to require Mg-ions for optimal activity.     

Augenrückbildung und Lichtstinn beiAnoptichthys jordani Hubbs und Innes

Summary After hatching, young individuals of the Mexican blind characinAnoptichthys jordani Hubbs and Innes possess small, movable eyes. In the course of growth, the eyes are overlapped by skinfolds and tend to sink into the depth of the orbital cavity. Lens and pupilar opening may disappear and degeneration is to be found in the retina.Even very young blind characins seem to have no vision of movements, while they are able to perceive light. The lower limit is about 0.12 Lux of light intensity. Experiments concerning the localisation of this perception of light are in progress.     

Control of obesity inA vy /a mice by 5α-androstan-17-one

Summary Treating VY/WfL-A ^vy /a mice with 5-androstan-17-one, a mammalian glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor, prevented the mice from becoming obese. The weight difference between treated and controlA ^vy /a mice was mainly due to a decreased accumulation of triacylglycerol. The compound did not suppress appetite, had no detectable toxicity and did not affect the lipogenesis rates in the liver and carcass. The weight-controlling effect of 5-androstan-17-one inA ^vy /a mice was reversible upon withdrawal of treatment.The authors wish to thank Mr W.R. Gibson and Drs C.G. Culbertson and P.N. Harris for performing the pathological examinations.     

Mutation und Phänokopie bei Säugetier und Mensch

Summary The concept of phenocopy established byGoldschmidt in 1935 is critically studied and special emphasis is placed upon the problem of how to distinguish true and false phenocopies. A comparison is made with true and false genocopies, that means mimic mutations. Regarding a given character it is often hard to distinguish as far as man and mammals are concerned, whether it is caused by mutation or phenocopy. Although most of the abnormalities occur as hereditary as well as non-hereditary types, there are, however, hereditary defects that occur seldom and others that occur frequently as phenocopies; still other abnormalities are known as yet only as non-hereditary modifications. It is still impossible to give exact figures for the numerical relationship of single hereditary and non-hereditary abnormalities in man.In certain cases in man and animals there may be also an interaction of the gene and the phenocopying agent, the latter replacing the missing second allele of the gene in question in a heterozygotic individual. The question has to be examined whether in the case of horizontal inheritance, that means occurrence of the same character only in one sibship, a hereditary effect is only simulated with the same phenocopying factor continually in effect. Finally a method is given to determine the relationship of mutations and phenocopies of the retinoblastoma, a hereditary or exogenous caused highly malignant ocular neoplasm in man, a question very important to eugenics.

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Dem PathologenRobert Rössle* zum 80. Geburtstag am 19. August 1956 gewidmet

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Redaktionelle Anmerkung. Am 21. November 1956 ist Herr Prof.Rössle in Berlin verstorben. Die Experientia-Leser erinnern sich dankbar an seinen Aufsatz: «Warum sterben so wenig Menschen eines natürlichen Todes?» Exper.4, 295 (1948).

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Nach einem Vortrag an der Universität Nagoya (Japan) am 17. September 1956.     

Identification of 3α, 17α, 21-trihydroxy-5α-pregnane (allotetrahydro-17α-hydroxy-cortexone) and 3α,21-dihydroxy-5α-pregnane (allo-tetrahydro-cortexone) in human urine

Résumé Le 3, 17, 21-trihydroxy 5-pregnane (allo-tétrahydro-17-hydroxy-cortexone) et le 3,21-dihydroxy 5-prégane (allo-tétrahydro-cortexone) ont été identifiés dans l'urine humaine. Ces composés avaient les mêmes migrations chromatographiques avant ou après acétylation ou oxydation que les respectifs stéroïdes de synthèse.     

Ähnlichkeit und Unterschied Leukozytenemigrationsfördernder Wirkung gram-positiver und gram-negativer Bakterien

Summary Live gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria cause circular and chemotactic eccentric promotion of leucocyte emigration in a similar manner. In the case of gramnegative bacteria this effect corresponds to that of their polysaccharides, whereas in the case of gram-positive bacteria the polysaccharides are inactive.Thus, although gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria both have a similar effect on leucocyte emigration, the underlying mechanism of action is different.     

Acetyl-diginatin-α und Desacetyl-lanatosid D

Summary The selective enzymatic degradation of lanatoside-D yields acetyl-diginatin-α, the mild alkaline hydrolysis desacetyl-lanatoside-D. The properties of these glycosides are described; both can be transformed by further degradation into diginatin.

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Vorl?ufige Mitteilung. Eine ausführliche Arbeit erscheint demn?chst in den Helv. chim. Acta.     

Chemotaxine und Kapillarpermeabilität

Summary Bacterial polysaccharides, which exhibit an intense specific stimulating effect on the migration of leucocytes, provoke no trypan blue reaction on the intracutaneous vesicle. Certain mucoproteins show both effects, others only provoke the formation of vesicles. Both reactions are thus separable components of the phenomenon of inflammation.     

26-Hydroxy-β-ecdysone,a metabolite of β-ecdysone in the blowfly,Calliphora erythrocephala

Summary 26-Hydroxy--ecdysone has been identified as a metabolite of the moulting hormone, -ecdysone inCalliphora erythrocephala.     

Über die Reaktion des 5,5-Diphenylglykocyamidins und seiner N-Alkylderivate mit Ammoniak und Aminen

Summary 5,5-Diphenylglycocyamidines bearing an alkyl group in position 3 are partly rearranged to the corresponding N²-alkyl derivatives on heating with alcoholic ammonia in the presence of ammonium acetate. Prolonged heating with ammonium acetate leads to N-dealkylation both of N³- and N²-alkyl derivatives. 5,5-Diphenylglycocyamidine in turn is mono- or dialkylated at N² on heating with the acetates of primary and secondary amines respectively. A mechanism for these reactions is proposed.

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Mitteilung über Hydantoine, Thiohydantoine und Glykocyamidine.

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Mitteilung:K. Lempert, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Kémiai Tudományok Osztályának Közleményei [Ber. Ung. Akad. Wiss., Kl. Chem. Wiss.]12, 59 (1959). — Chem. Reviews59, 667 (1959).     

Neue Beiträge zur Vegetations- und Klimageschichte der nord- und mitteleuropäischen Interglaziale

Summary Report on recent research on the Quaternary development of flora, vegetation and climate in Northern and Central Europe with schematized diagrams from various papers byFlorschütz, Lona, Szafer and others showing characteristic differences between the older and the newer Interglacials, designed by the present author.     

Das Strukturbild der Arterienwand unter lebensnahen Präparationsbedingungen und seine physiologische und pathologische Bedeutung

Summary At first sight it seems impossible to obtain a picture of arterial structure fixed in the true conditions of life. The arterial wall particularly is exposed to severe forces of alteration at the moment of death. Even before autolysis and rigor mortis, it is submitted to a triple trauma: the sudden cessation of rhythmical pulsation, the emptying of the lumina and the blood coagulation. Nevertheless precisely, these factors give us a simple and relatively safetest for deciding whether a histological preparation corresponds to the true life conditions; we may assume this to be so when the lumen of small blood vessels is full ofuncoagulated blood. Studies on such preparations show that during life there are no particular annular and longitudinal muscle fibres in the arterial wall, it is rather theplasticity and activity of a unitary musculature which determines the appearance of variously oriented fibers in histological preparations. As for the elastic tissue, it appears as a continuous line, when in activity; curvatures or ruptures mean a limitation or suppression of the elastic function. Observations on the so-called regulating apparatus in arteries of man, completed by others on dogs under influence of adrenalin, lead one to consider the particular relationship of clear muscle cells and elastic elements as themorphological equivalent of vasoconstrictive action. These results call for a revision of some histological, histopathological and even physiological concepts, such as the accepted histological views on the existence of arterial closure apparatus. The aspects described as sphincters, Polster, bourrelets, valves are not permanent structures butsnapshots of moving parts of the arterial wall. The clear muscular cells named epitheloid cells, Quellzellen, Leiomyoblasts are muscle fibers quasi surprised by the fixation in theactive state.