三峡库区两种阔叶树幼苗对不同光环境的响应

研究了三峡库区两种阔叶树香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)和灯台树(Bothrocaryum controversum)幼苗在旷地、林窗和林下三种不同的自然光环境梯度的生长和形态特性对不同光环境的响应.结果显示,在3种不同光环境下生长两年的香樟和灯台树幼苗,株高、基径、地上部分生物量、根生物量和总生物量等绝对生长指标均表现出旷地＞林窗＞林下,且旷地植株与林下植株均差异显著;在形态可塑性方面,香樟幼苗的根冠比均表现为在不同光环境下差异不显著(p>0.05),灯台树幼苗则表现为旷地植株显著高于林窗和林下植株(p<0.05),表明旷地的灯台树幼苗受到了一定程度的光抑制;两物种细长指数和叶面积比随环境光强减小而增大,而总叶面积和展开叶片数均随环境光强的减小而减小;香樟和灯台树的净同化率和相对生长速率都表现出旷地和林窗植株显著大于林下植株(p<0.05),但两物种间这两个指标在不同光环境中均未表现出显著差异.上述结果说明香樟和灯台树幼苗均在光资源充足的旷地环境下生物量积累最多,但幼苗的适当遮荫能有效地避免光抑制,从而有利于植株更好地生长.     

不同光强与水分条件对海州常山幼苗形态与生长的影响

以阔叶小灌木海州常山(Clerodendrum trichotomum)为材料,比较了其幼苗的形态、生物量分配及生长对不同光照处理(全光照、20%光照和5%光照)和土壤水分(田间持水量的75%~100%、50%~75%、25%~50%)的响应。结果表明：(1)海州常山幼苗的大部分表型特征主要受光照的影响,土壤水分对其影响较小;(2)株高、茎粗、根生物量比随着光强度的增强而增加,相对生长速率和净同化速率极显著增加;茎生物量比、叶生物量比、平均叶面积比和比叶面积则随光强的增加而减小;(3)20%光照处理下,海州常山幼苗通过大幅度提高平均叶面积比以适应中度遮阴;而5%光强时,3种水分条件下幼苗平均的相对生长速率分别只有全光照与20%光照处理的8.2%和11.4%,表明深度遮阴会严重影响海州常山的生长。     

不同铵硝配比对番茄苗期生长和光合特性的影响

探究不同氮素对番茄幼苗生长和光合特性的影响。采用溶液培养的方法,研究了不同铵硝配比对番茄幼苗苗高、茎粗、地上部分生物量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率和蒸腾速率的影响。结果表明,不同铵硝配比处理下,随着硝态氮占比的增加,番茄幼苗的苗高、茎粗、地上部分生物量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率和蒸腾速率表现出先增加后减小的变化,当铵硝配比为50∶0时,番茄幼苗的苗高最大;铵硝配比为25∶75时,番茄幼苗的茎粗、地上部分生物量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率和蒸腾速率最大,与其他配比之间存在显著差异;全铵态氮处理下,番茄幼苗的苗高、地上部分生物量、净光合速率和蒸腾速率均最低;单一形态的铵态氮或硝态氮营养液,均会抑制番茄植株的正常生长。获得番茄生长所需的最适铵硝配比,为番茄的优质高产栽培提供参考。     

光强对秋茄幼苗的生长和光合特性的影响

研究了不同光强环境中秋茄幼苗的生长和光合特性的变化．结果表明，在弱光生境下，秋茄幼苗的高生长增加，抽条着生叶数和叶片的叶绿素含量均有所提高，但抽条基径变细，比叶重下降，说明秋茄幼苗的横向生长成弱，叶片变薄．随着光环境水平的下降，秋茄幼苗的相对生长率降低，净光合作用量下降．弱光生境降低了秋茄幼苗地下部根的相对生长，使整株植物的干物质生产有所下降．弱光生境中秋茄幼苗的最大光合速率、光饱和点、光补偿点和暗呼吸速率较低．在同一光生境中，10盐度降低了秋茄幼苗的最大净光合速率、光补偿点和暗呼吸速率，但对光饱和点影响不大．弱光生境可以缓和盐度对秋茄幼苗净光合速率的抑制．     

盐腔迫对3种白蜡树幼苗生长与光合作用的影响

通过幼苗盆栽实验，对不同浓度NaCl胁迫下，3种白蜡幼苗生物量，叶绿素含量，丙二醛含量和光合作用等进行了测定分析。结果表明，随着盐分浓度的提高，白蜡幼苗总生物量，叶绿素含量逐渐减少，根茎比差异显；幼苗丙二醛含量没有明显规律性变化；幼苗净光合速率，气孔导度和蒸腾作用强度均下降，饱和水气压差增加，而不同树种幼苗的胞间CO2浓度上升或下降，NaCl与其相关关系也表现不同。     

水曲柳幼苗水力结构和光合生理对光强梯度变化的耦合响应

【目的】 研究水曲柳(Fraxinus mandschurica)幼苗对不同光照强度的响应及适应机理,为育苗造林和林下天然更新研究提供参考。【方法】 以2年生盆栽水曲柳幼苗为材料进行不同光照处理,1年后测定幼苗在4种强度日光处理(相对光强100%、60%、30%和15%)下的生长、光合生理和水力性状等指标。【结果】 遮阴处理显著影响了水曲柳幼苗的生长、光合和水分生理特性。与60%和30%相对光强处理相比,100%相对光强下水曲柳具有更高的气孔导度(G_s)、净光合速率(P_n)、根系水力导度(K_root)、地上部分水力导度(K_shoot)和整株水力导度(K_plant)。随光照强度的减弱,水曲柳的生长速率显著降低,根生物量占比(R_MR)减少,最大净光合速率(P_n,max)、光补偿点(L_CP)和光饱和点(L_SP)降低,而茎、叶生物量占比(S_MR、L_MR)以及表观量子效率(A_QY)增加;枝条木质部解剖结构在不同光照处理下存在显著差异,相对光强100%处理时的导管密度显著高于相对光强30%和60%处理,而导管直径显著低于30%和60%处理。【结论】 水曲柳幼苗通过调节形态、光合和水分生理特性来适应一定程度的弱光环境,但总体上对光强有较高的需求。水曲柳的光合和水力性状随光照强度的改变都具有较大的可塑性,二者对光照强度梯度变化的响应存在显著耦合关系。这些性状的可塑性响应有利于提高水曲柳幼苗在异质性光环境下的生存适合度,对于其更新阶段在林下不同光照条件下的生存有重要意义。     

入侵植物银胶菊对氮、磷营养的响应

研究入侵植物银胶菊在不同氮、磷营养水平下的形态、生长和生物量分配.结果表明:①在一定氮水平范围内,根生物量比(RMR)随氮的增加而降低,总生物量、叶生物量比(LMR)、相对生长速率(RGR)、叶面积指数(LAI)、总叶面积(TLA)、叶面积比(LAR)等随氮养分水平的增加而增加,与对照相比,有显著差异.②在磷养分处理下,吸收器官的生物量分配不随磷水平的升高而变化;但LMR、LAR、TLA随磷水平的增加而升高;适量的磷水平使GRG增加;总生物量、LAI等在各磷水平下无明显变化.③银胶菊对氮的可塑性反应高于对磷的可塑性反应.     

模拟增温对紫金牛光响应和生物量分配的影响

本研究采用模拟增温的方式,探讨了全球气候变暖对阴生植物紫金牛光响应和生物量分配的影响。结果表明：模拟增温显著提高了紫金牛的光补偿点和叶绿素含量,而对最大净光合速、饱和光强和暗呼吸速率等参数无显著影响。模拟增温显著增加了紫金牛的分株数,增幅达25％;但对株高无显著影响。增温还导致紫金牛的总生物量、地上生物量显著增加,根冠比显著降低。其中叶和地上茎的生物量（干重）增幅分别达到35．54％和31．60％,生物量（鲜重）增幅分别达到25．3％和18．9％。     

三峡库区不同生境蝴蝶花的适应性

为探讨不同生境中蝴蝶花(Iris japonica Thunb.)土壤根与根茎的适应性及其在三峡库区的下木层生态恢复建设中的作用,对重庆市缙云山自然保护区内毛竹林与林缘旷地两类生境中蝴蝶花自然种群在群落草本层中的优势度与根茎特征进行研究,结果表明:1)毛竹林与林缘旷地两类生境中,蝴蝶花都为草本层优势种,其重要值远高于其它草本,其生态位宽度都很大,蝴蝶花根与根茎总长度、表面积、体积及总生物量都显著高于其它草本总根系(p<0 05).2)蝴蝶花植株粗根茎的长度,细根茎与根的长度、表面积与体积,都表现为竹林生境显著高于林缘旷地生境(p<0.01);竹林生境蝴蝶花的粗根茎、细根茎和根的生物量,及生物量细根茎和根的分配,均显著高于林缘旷地环境(p<0.001).研究表明,蝴蝶花在旷地及稀疏林下的草本层都占优势,其克隆繁殖旺盛,根系扩展与产量均高于其它草本,利于改良土壤状况;将其应用于三峡库区植被恢复草本层构建及石灰岩与溶岩地区的土壤改良,则具有一定的试验价值.     

杜仲对不同光强度的适应性研究

研究了不同光强度下一年生杜仲幼苗的光合生理特性。自然光照、一层遮阴、两层遮阴和三层遮阴杜仲幼苗光饱和点分别为：２５ｋｌｘ，２０ｋｌｘ，１７ｋｌｘ和５ｋｌｘ；光补偿点分别为：４．５ｋｌｘ，４．３ｋｌｘ，２．５ｋｌｘ和１．８ｋｌｘ。随生境中光强度的减弱，叶绿素含量增加，；汁绿素ｂ比例增高。生长在弱光环境中的杜仲幼苗株高受抑，叶面积减小，ＣＯ＿２补偿点降低，固定同化ＣＯ＿２能力减弱，净光合速率较低，导致生物产量和桃叶珊瑚甙地含量降低，表明杜仲是喜阳生植物。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the