转Bt/CpTI基因水稻知识产权调查报告

水稻是世界上最重要的粮食作物之一.自1988年首次获得转基因水稻以来,水稻转基因技术已获得突飞猛进的发展,在抗虫、抗病、抗除草剂、抗逆和改良稻米品质转基因等研究方面皆有长足进步.转基因水稻研发中涉及许多专利问题.本文以转Bt基因水稻、转CpTI基因水稻和转Bt/CpTI双价基因水稻为研究对象,对研究中所涉及的知识产权问题进行了调查.结果表明,我国在转基因水稻研究中的大多数材料和技术含有国外机构所持有的专利.本文对产生的原因和可能存在的问题进行了讨论,并对解决方式提出了建议.     

扬州地区水稻病虫害和温、湿度关系的调查报告

水稻作为扬州最重要的粮食作物之一,年种植面积达20万hm2以上。但近年来,生物灾害越来越严重地影响到扬州水稻的产出。而这些灾害很大程度上与气候变化有关。本文分析了1988年以来扬州地区的与水稻病虫害密切相关的季节的温、湿度变化特点,着重讨论了温、湿度对螟害、纹枯病的影响。     

水稻的起源与驯化——来自基因组学的证据

 水稻是世界上最重要的粮食作物, 约1 万年前开始被驯化。由于水稻与其祖先野生种存在一定的遗传分化, 水稻的起源和驯化问题长期存在争议。本文综述了水稻起源和驯化方面的研究成果, 特别是近年来基因组学方面的证据, 认为水稻2 个亚种独立起源于野生祖先种内很早就分化的不同类群, 但一些驯化基因--控制重要农艺性状的基因, 可能首先在一个亚种中被驯化, 然后通过基因渐渗, 扩散到另一个亚种中。因此, 水稻驯化的关键是研究驯化基因的起源和扩散方式。随着大规模基因组测序技术的发展和相应数据分析方法的建立, 在全基因组水平对水稻及其祖先进行大规模分析, 已成为揭示水稻起源与驯化之谜的必由之路。     

一种简单高效的水稻体细胞诱变育种新方法

多样化种质资源的利用对于培育高产和理想农艺性状水稻品种显得非常重要.在本研究中,通过研究继代时间、2,4-D浓度和不同外植体对诱变和分化频率的影响,建立了幼穗为外植体、继代培养时间为3个周期(约75d)以及2,4-D的最佳诱变浓度为4.0mg/L的体细胞诱变育种方法.然后利用该方法诱变杂交水稻亲本株1S和中9B,分别成功选育了优良矮化突变株系SV14S和SV9B,为后续的杂交育种提供了优质种质资源.这些育种成果的取得进一步证实了该水稻体细胞诱变育种方法是一种简单高效的新型育种方法.     

再生稻高产高效生产技术研究进展

中国水稻生产面临高产与安全高效、高产与绿色优质之间矛盾和难以协调统一问题,种植方式向规模化、机械化、轻简化和标准化转型。再生稻充分利用温光资源,增产增收、省种省工、减肥减药,有效提高复种指数,发展再生稻对于实现藏粮于地、藏粮于技战略和确保粮食安全意义重大。本文介绍了我国再生稻生产的历史与现状,指出了主要存在强再生力水稻品种选育技术体系不完善、再生稻单产水平不稳定、适宜于机械化栽培的品种少等问题,从生产技术和遗传生理角度综述了再生稻的重点研究方向,主要包括再生稻品种评价体系与品种选育、腋芽萌发机制与产量形成、肥水运筹调控与标准化种植等方面内容,以期为再生稻品种选育、高产栽培和高效生产提供理论依据。     

优质早籼稻新品种选育20年

简述自1979年以来从事优质早籼稻新品种选育研究,在育种技术上不断创新,积极采用高新技术,提高育种效率的成果。将独创的《水稻成熟花粉辐照诱变育种技术》、细胞工程技术、有性杂交、独特的米质筛选等技术进行有机结合,创建了一条高效的水稻新品种育种新途径。将优质、抗病和高产等优良性状进行聚合,取得了突破性的进展,基本解决了优质不高产;优质不抗病;大粒水优质和早稻难优质等难题。选育出福建省第一个优质早籼新品种“佳禾早占”,成为福建省主推的优质早稻品种之一,累计推广10万hm^2。     

水稻品种耐旱性鉴定的形态学评价指标研究

水稻耐早性鉴定是选育耐早水稻品种的前提。以22个水稻、陆稻和早稻品种为材料,研究了在干旱胁迫条件下,不同品种(组合)幼苗反复干旱存活率、播抽历期(日数)、株高、单穗重、着粒数、实粒数、结实率和千粒重等方面的变化趋势。苗期耐旱性鉴定中,采用幼苗反复干旱存活率,对苗期耐旱性进行评价,全生育期耐旱鉴定中,通过多重相关分析和产量结构分析,筛选出播抽历期(日数)、株高和单穗重3个与产量形成关系最密切因素的干旱胁迫指数,构成综合耐早指数,采用综合耐旱指数作为评价水稻品种全生育期耐旱性的指标,最后提出了苗期耐旱性鉴定和全生育期耐旱性鉴定的分级标准。     

DTOPSIS法评价四川省2002年水稻区试优质米新组合

运用DTOPSIS法（ Dynamic Technique for Oder Preference by Similarity fo Ioleal Solution） 对四川省2002年水稻区试优米D组的14个新组合进行了综合分析和评价。结果表明：该方法对综合分析水稻新品种较合理。对水稻选育与推广有积极的指导意义。宜香优725是一个综合性状较好的新品种,值得大力推广。     

Transgenic rice homozygous lines expressing GNA showed enhanced resistance to rice brown planthopper

Mature seed-derived calli from two elite Chinese japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars Eyi 105 and Ewan 5 were co-transformed with two plasmids, pWRG1515 and pRSSGNA1, containing the selectable marker hygromycin phosphotransferase gene (hpt), the reporter β-glucuronidase gene (gusA) and the snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) lectin gene (gna) via particle bombardment. 61 independent transgenic rice plants were regenerated from 329 bombarded calli. 79% transgenic plants contained all the three genes, revealed by PCR/Southern blot analysis. Western blot analysis revealed that 36 out of 48 gna-containing transgenic plants expressed GNA (75%) at various levels with the highest expression being approximately 0.5% of total soluble protein. Genetic analysis confirmed Mendelian segregation of transgenes in progeny. From the R2 generations whose R1 parent plants showing 3:1 Mendelian segregation patterns, we identified five independent homozygous lines containing and expressing all the three transgenes. Insect bioassay and feeding tests showed that these homozygous lines had significant inhibition to rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens, BPH) by decreasing BPH survival and overall fecundity, retarding BPH development and declining BPH feeding. These BPH-resistant lines have been incorporated into rice insect resistance breeding program. This is the first report that homozygous transgenic rice lines expressing GNA, developed by genetic transformation and through genetic analysis-based selection, conferred enhanced resistance to BPH, one of the most damaging insect pests in rice.     

Transformation of japonica rice with RHL gene and salt tolerance of the transgenic rice plant

Overexpression of the yeast HAL2 gene increases salt tolerance of yeast and plant. Rice HAL2-like (RHL) gene was introduced into a japonica rice cultivar HJ19 with Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Transgenic plants in R0 generation were selected on the principle of GUS-positive, RHL gene PCR-positive and normal growth. Hygromycin-resistant plants of some transgenic lines in R1 generation increased salt tolerance during the seedling and booting stage, being less damaged in the cytomembrane and stronger in leaf tissue viability under salt stress during booting period. Southern analysis of transgenic lines tolerant to salt in R1 generation showed that the RHL gene expression cassette had been successfully integrated into rice genome. Moreover, gene engineering breeding methodology and really salt-tolerant rice cultivar were discussed.     

AGP转基因粳稻产量性状在低世代中的遗传与变异

云南粳稻合系３８、合系４２经ＡＧＰ基因导入后,株高,有效穗数,实粒数,千粒重等产量性状的群体变异频率在Ｔ１和Ｔ２代中显著增高,由于水稻自花授粉的特性,导入目的基因的两条同源染色体配对的频率也较高,因此在代世代中已经出现了综合性状较好的株系。     

The map-based sequence of the rice genome

Rice, one of the world's most important food plants, has important syntenic relationships with the other cereal species and is a model plant for the grasses. Here we present a map-based, finished quality sequence that covers 95% of the 389 Mb genome, including virtually all of the euchromatin and two complete centromeres. A total of 37,544 non-transposable-element-related protein-coding genes were identified, of which 71% had a putative homologue in Arabidopsis. In a reciprocal analysis, 90% of the Arabidopsis proteins had a putative homologue in the predicted rice proteome. Twenty-nine per cent of the 37,544 predicted genes appear in clustered gene families. The number and classes of transposable elements found in the rice genome are consistent with the expansion of syntenic regions in the maize and sorghum genomes. We find evidence for widespread and recurrent gene transfer from the organelles to the nuclear chromosomes. The map-based sequence has proven useful for the identification of genes underlying agronomic traits. The additional single-nucleotide polymorphisms and simple sequence repeats identified in our study should accelerate improvements in rice production.     

The temporal and spatial distribution of ancient rice in China and its implications

The relics of ancient rice have been regarded as the most important objective evidence of the origina- tion and spread of rice cultivation.Based on the records of 280 rice relics sites and the rice cropping regionalization as well as the distribution map of paddy soils,the current study compiled the temporal and spatial distribution map of ancient rice distribution in China.The map shows that the distribution of ancient rice is spatially extensive and meantime comparatively concentrated,temporarily covering a long and relatively continuous time-span.The rice relics in the Central China double and single rice cropping regions are among the earliest and the most abundant ones,possessing continuity in time sequence.Combined with the discovery of ancient rice and paddy filed relics,soil micromorphology, pollen combination and element geochemistry,it is suggested that Central China was the origin center of rice cultivation in China.Rice had been spread to the rest part of China in three major waves,also to the East Asian part like Korea and Japan.The temporal and spatial distribution of ancient rice reflects the past environmental change,which is also meaningful to the current rice regionalization and plan- ning as well as food security in China.     

亚热带稻区旱灾巨灾风险形成机理及生态减灾研究——以衡阳盆地为例

亚热带稻区是我国重要的粮食生产基地,但季节性干旱对水稻生产构成了严重威胁,尤其是大旱导致水稻产量大幅度下降,直接影响着我国粮食安全。文章确定了亚热带稻区大旱风险诊断的标准,统计得出衡阳盆地大旱发生频率为35%。以衡阳盆地2003年大旱为例,从干旱危险性与水田系统旱灾脆弱性两方面入手,阐述了水稻旱灾巨灾的形成机理,提出从整治水利工程和建立生态减灾模式达到安全减灾的目的。     

2018年农业科学热点回眸

 盘点了2018年农业科学研发取得的一些重要成果。小麦、水稻、玉米及大豆、荞麦、马铃薯等主要粮食作物在基因组测序、分子育种、遗传机理解析、氮高效利用、起源演化、基因编辑等方面获得快速发展,发布了世界首个六倍体小麦基因组图谱,完成了3000份水稻基因组计划和中黄13的基因组测序,克隆了一系列产量、品质及抗病虫害基因,解析了一些重要的生长发育调控机制。油菜、棉花、茶叶、烟草等主要经济作物在基因组学、风味调控机理、光合效率等方面有所突破,中国油菜基础研究与应用已达到国际领先水平。此外,水稻、小麦、番茄、苹果等作物的病虫害防治,畜禽的繁殖、品种改良和疾病防治,蜜蜂的基因组和转录组解析,蚕病害防治和驯化历史,化肥和水稻品种对气候变化的影响、气候变化对作物产量的影响,茎叶类蔬菜和食用豆收获设备、油菜播种机等农机农艺领域均有突破性进展。     

应用灰色关联度分析法对不同地区粳稻种质资源农艺性状分析评价

为了解不同地区粳稻资源的性状差异,并为新品种选育提供亲本材料,将来自中国云南、四川凉山州和日本的部分粳稻种质资源进行同田比较。通过对多个性状数据的测定比较,应用灰色关联度分析法分析,综合评价各品种资源性状。研究结果表明:不同地区间的品种资源性状各有差异,各品种性状优缺点共存,产量性状好的关联度排名较后,而关联度排名靠前的产量又较低,其中Y5和B130可以通过栽培技术的改进来提高产量,也可作为育种的亲本材料。     

大米蛋白与蒸煮品质相关性研究进展

大米是中国人的最重要主食之一,其主要食用方式是蒸煮鲜食,因此研究其组分与蒸煮品质的相关性具有重要理论意义和实用价值。蛋白质是水稻种子胚乳中仅次于淀粉的第二大组分,是与大米食用品质相关的指标之一。大米蛋白的主成分是谷蛋白,大约占总蛋白的65%～80%,其余部分由清蛋白、醇溶蛋白、球蛋白构成。大米蛋白是优质的植物蛋白之一,和大豆蛋白及小麦蛋白相比较,大米蛋白的结构与性质的研究还不够深入系统,大米蛋白质与其食用品质的相关性研究更显不足。对大米蛋白组成、结构及其与蒸煮食味品质的相关性研究进展及成果进行了归纳分析,以期发现研究的不足和学术趋向。     

Using specific secondary metabolites as markers to evaluate allelopathic potentials of rice varieties and individual plants

It is a key of the breeding of allelopathic rice cultivars to evaluate and screen few accessions with allelopathic traits from numerous rice accessions and individual plants. Rice varieties and individual plants with allelopathic traits demonstrated their allelopathic effects by producing and releasing specific secondary metabolites into environment. Therefore, using specific secondary metabolites as markers, the allelopathic potentials of rice varieties and individual plants could be evaluated by HPLC. The allelopathic potentials of 3000 rice accessions and some individual plants of F3 and F4 were evaluated by this method in 1 a. If these accessions and plants were evaluated by the traditional method in the field, it would take more than 10 a, furthermore, the breeding process of allelopathic rice cultivars would be directed and monitored by this method. Isolation and structural identification of specific secondary metabolites was done by LC/MS coupling ¹H and ¹³C NMR. It revealed that allelochemicals of rice tissue were glucosides of resorcinol, flavone and hydroxamic acid, and were not well-known phenolic and fatty acids in previous studies. However, these glucosides could degrade immediately into sugar, phenolic and fatty acids under microbial and acidic medium when they released into the environment.     

Development of gene-tagged molecular markers for starch synthesis-related genes in rice

Improving grain quality is an important goal in breeding new elite rice varieties, requiring effective tools for the identification of target genotypes. Molecular marker-aided selection (MAS), combined with conventional breeding approaches, enables us to precisely identify the individual genotypes that are associated with different grain quality features, which can dramatically improve the breeding efficiency. However, to date, the number of molecular markers used in MAS for grain quality improvement is still somewhat limited. In this study, based on our previous study that rice grain quality is strongly associated with starch synthesis in the endosperm, we developed 51 gene-tagged molecular markers according to sequence variations in 18 starch synthesis-related genes from 16 typical rice cultivars. These markers can discriminate the different alleles among rice germplasms. These novel markers will provide effective tools in improving grain quality via the breeding new elite rice varieties.     

逆境胁迫下水稻蛋白质组学研究进展

水稻在生长发育过程中要面对各种非生物胁迫如干旱、高盐、温度、重金属和生物胁迫如病虫害等,通过观察水稻在各种胁迫条件下的蛋白质组表达情况,动态分析水稻的蛋白质组变化,对新逆境相关蛋白质进行分离与功能鉴定,这不仅能揭示参与胁迫耐受的蛋白质翻译后调控机制,而且可以增进对耐受胁迫分子机理的认识.综述了水稻应答逆境胁迫蛋白质组学研究的最新研究进展,探讨了存在的主要问题.