The third component of complement (C3) is responsible for the intracellular survival of Leishmania major

Leishmania are obligate intracellular parasites of mononuclear phagocytes. We and others have shown that the promastigote form of all species of leishmania activates complement from non-immune serum and that this activation can result in parasite lysis. This work, as well as earlier in vivo studies, suggested that complement is an important component of host defence against leishmaniasis. We now present evidence that parasite complement fixation, in addition to increasing parasite phagocytosis, is required for the intracellular survival of leishmania in macrophages. We specifically show a strong correlation between parasite C3 fixation and intracellular survival. We attribute this survival, in part, to a decrease in the magnitude of the macrophage respiratory burst which is triggered by complement-coated, as opposed to uncoated, parasites.     

Secretory expression of the fusion protein composed of human IL-2 and PreS antigen of hepatitis B virus in mammalian cells

In order to make entire HBV pmSAg secrete from mammalian cells, we conatmcted an eukaryotic expression vector by using leader sequence of human interleukin-2 (IL-2) as secretory signal peptide, and using high hydmphilic amino acids as the linker between IL-2 C end and preSAg N end. As a result, the IL-2preS fusing protein could be secreted from mamalian cells transfected with the reconstructed vector and the expression efficiency was identical to that of natural IL-2. It was considered that the retentive effect of preSlAg could be successfully bypassed. The results not only laid a theoretical and practical foundation for constructing specific gene vaccine against HBV persistent infection, but also supplied experimental evidence for studying modulation of protein secretory expression.     

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells control Leishmania major persistence and immunity

The long-term persistence of pathogens in a host that is also able to maintain strong resistance to reinfection, referred to as concomitant immunity, is a hallmark of certain infectious diseases, including tuberculosis and leishmaniasis. The ability of pathogens to establish latency in immune individuals often has severe consequences for disease reactivation. Here we show that the persistence of Leishmania major in the skin after healing in resistant C57BL/6 mice is controlled by an endogenous population of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. These cells constitute 5-10% of peripheral CD4+ T cells in naive mice and humans, and suppress several potentially pathogenic responses in vivo, particularly T-cell responses directed against self-antigens. During infection by L. major, CD4+CD25+ T cells accumulate in the dermis, where they suppress-by both interleukin-10-dependent and interleukin-10-independent mechanisms-the ability of CD4+CD25- effector T cells to eliminate the parasite from the site. The sterilizing immunity achieved in mice with impaired IL-10 activity is followed by the loss of immunity to reinfection, indicating that the equilibrium established between effector and regulatory T cells in sites of chronic infection might reflect both parasite and host survival strategies.     

表面稠化酸的防砂作用研究

表面稠化酸是将稠化剂(PAM)、交联剂(GL-5)加到酸中配制而成,它具有缓速酸化和防砂作用。该酸通过稠化剂的体相稠化作用,控制氢离子的扩散速度,具有很好的缓速作用;随着H+的不断消耗,通过稠化剂与交联剂在砂粒表面适合的pH值(pH=3~5)下的交联作用形成冻胶膜(表面稠化),该膜是一种很好粘弹体,弹性大于粘性,对砂粒表面润湿,通过氢键及静电引力加强对砂粒表面的吸附,限制砂粒运移,达到防砂目的;该膜可以进一步控制H+的扩散速度,达到进一步缓速目的,保证表面稠化酸酸化深远地层。对表面稠化酸的防砂机理及防砂效果进行了评价,提出了将酸化与防砂有机结合的新思路。     

Identification of a protein associated with circulative transmission of Barley yellow dwarf virus from cereal aphids, Schizaphis graminum and Sitobion avenae

Using 2-D electrophoresis and virus overlay assay,a 50-kDa protein(P50)exhibiting specific binding to purified virus particles of BYDV-GAV was found in the protein extracts from Schizaphis graminum and Sitobion avenae,two aphid species transmiting BYDV-GAV.P50 in the extracts of S.graminum was isolated by preparation electrophoresis and electro-eluted proteins from the gel slices for antiserum preparation.After feeding the antiserum through membrane,the transmission efficiencies of S.graminum and S.avenae for BYDV-GAV decreased significantly.It was suggested that P50 should be related with transmission process.Location of P50 was found at the plasma membrane surrounding the accessory salivary gland(ASG) in the head tissues of S.graminum by immunogold-labelling experiment.The ascertainment of the protein associated with virus transmission has a significance influence on further understanding the transmission mechanism and genetic engineering for resistant to vector transmission.     

表面稠化酸的固砂作用研究

对酸碱度场的观察证实 ,表面稠化酸在酸化过程中能够形成冻胶膜。由Laplace公式得知 ,冻胶膜最终可在砂粒接触处形成冻胶 ,从而起到对砂粒的胶结作用。对冻胶的粘弹性进行了测定 ,并对冻胶对砂粒表面的作用进行了分析。结果表明 ,表面稠化酸主要通过冻胶粘弹性中的弹性、冻胶与砂粒之间的氢键及静电引力、冻胶对砂粒表面的润湿性等起防砂作用。对冻胶粘结力的测定结果证实 ,冻胶对砂粒有很好的胶结作用。     

空间四杆机构位置、速度和加速度误差分析的复数向量法

机构的误差分析在较精确的运动传递中具有普遍意义,本文以空间RSSR四杆机构为例,用复数向量法分析了杆件尺寸误差对输出杆件的位置、速度(角速度)和加速度(角加速度)误差的影响。     

A host parasite interaction rescues Drosophila oogenesis defects

The cytoplasmically inherited bacterium Wolbachia pipientis is a widespread parasite of arthropods that manipulates the reproductive biology of its hosts, often to their detriment, in order to foster its own transmission through egg cytoplasm. Here we report that infection by Wolbachia restores fertility to Drosophila melanogaster mutant females prevented from making eggs by protein-coding lesions in Sex-lethal (Sxl), the master regulator of sex determination. Suppression of sterility by Wolbachia discriminates markedly among similar germline-specific Sxl alleles, and is not observed for mutations in other genes that produce similar 'tumorous ovary' phenotypes, including one that blocks Sxl germline expression. This allele and gene specificity indicates that suppression probably results from a specific interaction with Sxl protein, rather than from a bypass of the normal germline requirement for this developmental regulator or from an effect on Sxl expression. The Sxl-Wolbachia interaction provides a rare opportunity to explore host-parasite relationships at the molecular level in a model insect. Furthermore, demonstration that a parasite infection can counteract the deleterious effects of mutations in host genes illustrates how hosts might become dependent on parasites.     

Wien bridge电流模式正弦波振荡器的AOA实现

以传统的Wien bridge电压模振荡器为原型,根据网络与其伴随网络传输函数相同的特点,用伴随运算放大器(AOA)和分立电阻及电容设计出Wien bridge电流模式振荡器,该电路不仅具有速度高、频率高、电压低及功耗小等电流模电路的特点,而且振荡频率和输出幅度可独立的调谐;振荡频率和输出幅度与负载大小无关;振荡频率受寄生电容影响小,输出频率的精确度、稳定度高,电路比较简单,既适合分立电路使用,亦适合VLSI单片集成。计算机仿真证明该设计正确.     

基于支持向量机方法的砂土地震液化分析

提出了砂土地震液化分析的一种新方法，即支持向量机方法。该方法根据有限的学习样本，建立了各种影响因素和地震液化之间的一种非线性映射，可以对砂土在地震条件下的液化进行分析。基于已有的砂土地震液化资料，采用支持向量机模型，对国外地震现场实例进行了预测，网络输出结果与实际情况十分吻合。实例研究表明，支持向量机方法用于预测砂土地震液化是有效而可行的。     

Vaccination with purified microgamete antigens prevents transmission of rodent malaria

Malaria vaccination with preparations of microgametes has been shown to inhibit transmission of Plasmodium spp. to the mosquito vectors of avian, rodent and simian parasites. This transmission-blocking immunity results from the induction of microgamete-agglutinating antibodies in the vaccinated host which, when ingested in a mosquito blood meal, react with exflagellating microgametes in the midgut to prevent fertilization and oocyst development. Here we have passively transferred the immunity with gamete-specific monoclonal antibodies raised against the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis, and an IgG2a isotype monoclonal antibody from a hybridoma cell line, PYG-1, has been used to identify the target antigens on the gametes and to affinity-purify sufficient quantities of specific gamete antigen to facilitate vaccination studies. This transmission-blocking monoclonal antibody immunoprecipitated microgamete antigens of apparent relative molecular mass (Mr), 67K (67,000), 59K, 57K, 42K and 35K. Immunization of mice with these proteins before infection and mosquito feeding led to a 85-99.7% reduction in transmission to the mosquito vector; vaccination via intravenous or intramuscular routes was equally effective and did not require an adjuvant.     

Inhibition by chloroquine of a novel haem polymerase enzyme activity in malaria trophozoites.

The incidence of human malaria has increased during the past 20 years; 270 million people are now estimated to be infected with the parasite. An important contribution to this increase has been the appearance of malaria organisms resistant to quinoline-containing antimalarials such as chloroquine and quinine. These drugs accumulate in the acid food vacuoles of the intraerythrocytic-stage malaria parasite, although the mechanism of their specific toxicity in this organelle is uncertain. The primary function of the food vacuole is the proteolysis of ingested red cell haemoglobin to provide the growing parasite with essential amino acids. Haemoglobin breakdown in the food vacuole releases haem, which if soluble can damage biological membranes and inhibit a variety of enzymes. Rather than degrading or excreting the haem, the parasite has evolved a novel pathway for its detoxification by incorporating it into an insoluble crystalline material called haemozoin or malaria pigment. These crystals form in the food vacuole of the parasite concomitant with haemoglobin degradation, where they remain until the infected red cell bursts. The structure of haemozoin comprises a polymer of haems linked between the central ferric ion of one haem and a carboxylate side-group oxygen of another. This structure does not form spontaneously from either free haem or haemoglobin under physiological conditions, and the biochemistry of its formation is unclear. Here we report the identification and characterization of a haem polymerase enzyme activity from extracts of Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites, and show that this enzyme is inhibited by quinoline-containing drugs such as chloroquine and quinine. This provides a possible explanation for the highly stage-specific antimalarial properties of these drugs.     

Population dynamics of Schistosoma mansoni in mice repeatedly exposed to infection

Studies of host resistance to parasite infection are usually based on experimental designs involving a primary infection and subsequent challenge exposure, resistance being recorded as the percentage reduction in parasite establishment in challenged hosts when compared with that in uninfected animals. Few studies have focused on the dynamic nature of helminth establishment and mortality (and their presumed dependency on the rate of current exposure and past experiences of infection) in hosts repeatedly exposed to low levels of infection. Here, we report the results of population studies on the dynamics of resistance to Schistosoma mansoni infection (a helminth parasite) in mice repeatedly exposed to cercarial invasion. Parasite burdens created by different levels and durations of exposure to infection reflect a dynamic interplay between rates of helminth establishment and mortality. Depending on the intensity of exposure, changes in worm load with duration of host infection vary from monotonic growth to a stable average parasite burden to convex curves in which the average load attains a maximum value before decaying in old animals. These trends are similar to observed patterns of S. mansoni infection in human communities.     

Subcellular localization of the stripe disease-specific protein encoded by rice stripe virus (RSV) in its vector, the small brown planthopper,Laodelphax striatellus

The stripe disease-specific protein (SP) encoded by the rice stripe virus (RSV) was successfully used as a localization signal of the virus in its vector, the small brown lanthopper,Laodelphax striatellus Fallen. Immunogold particles in large numbers were detected in various parts of the viruliferous females: the ovum, surface of chorion, the midgut lumen, and the columnar cells. Whereas there was none of these particles in the non-viruliferous females and males, and testis of viruliferous males. Endosymbionts (mycetocytes) were abundant, harboring ovaries of both viruliferous and non-viruliferous females, but none in the testis of males. The results provided us with the direct proof that RSV is a ciruculative and propagative plant virus and it was transovarially transmitted alongside with endosymbionts of its vector. Therefore, we deem it a nice lead for future studies on the mechanism of RSV transmission and functioning of its viral proteins.     

RV传动机构精度分析

以一类含渐开线和摆线的二级封闭式行星传动机构即RV（rotate vector）机构为对象,基于作用线增量原理,应用误差分析的传递矩阵法,研究了机构中各构件的原始误差在整个传动过程中对机构输出转角误差的影响规律,建立了适用于该机构精度分析的误差模型．该模型建立了各构件原始误差与机构输出误差的解析对应关系,揭示了机构中共用构件（曲柄轴等）的误差传递过程,以及由于固连输出盘与系杆导致的机构反馈误差与各构件原始误差的耦合关系,为该类机构的精度分析与设计提供了可靠的理论依据．最后,以RV320S型减速器为例,进行实例验算．结果表明,对机构输出转角误差影响最大的是输出盘上曲柄轴孔偏心误差,其次是摆线轮齿廓误差;机构的反馈误差对于高精密RV传动系统也不应忽视．     

冬蝶鱼皮肤型抗冻蛋白的克隆及表达

冬蝶鱼皮肤型抗冻蛋白（ｗ ｆｓ Ａ Ｆ Ｐ）的克隆和表达,是研究抗冻蛋白抗冻机制的重要步骤之一,有助于揭示抗冻蛋白分子结构与活力的关系．用 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 法获得 ｗ ｆｓ Ａ Ｆ Ｐ 基因片段,构建了分泌型表达载体 Ｐｌａｃ Ｉ Ｑｐａｒ８ｗ ｆｓ Ａ Ｆ Ｐ．用 Ｗ ｅｓｔｅｒｎ Ｂｌｏｔ 法测其表达水平,氨基酸组成分析及质谱分析证明表达的蛋白与天然蛋白完全一致,并具有天然蛋白相同的活力．     

粘性土改性细砂的强度特性

粉细砂在宁夏北部分布广泛,埋藏浅,土层深厚,存在不同程度的液化倾向。围绕粘性土改善砂土抗液化性能,以银川地区粉细砂为对象,干密度,含水率和粘性土掺量为因素,设计正交试验方案,试验研究了粘性土改性细砂的强度特性,分析了各因素的作用规律,及其显著性,建立了粘聚力与干密度、粘性土含量及含水率间的多元非线性回归模型,结合土的颗粒组成和矿物组成分析了作用机理。干密度的增大能显著提高改性细砂的强度指标,粘性土可非常显著的提高细砂的粘聚力,从而显著改善细砂土的抗液化性能,且对强度不会产生明显的不利影响,建立的粘聚力关系模型显著性高,相关性较好。     

Cloning of a major surface-antigen gene of Trypanosoma cruzi and identification of a nonapeptide repeat

The parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi can establish infection in humans and other vertebrate hosts through direct penetration of host cells by trypomastigotes transmitted by the insect vector. Although the molecular processes involved in trypomastigote interiorization of vertebrate cells are unknown, several studies suggest that surface glycoproteins are involved. It is likely that the proteins involved are specific to the trypomastigote stage of the parasite, since only trypomastigotes found in both the insect vector and the vertebrate host bloodstream are capable of invading vertebrate cells. In contrast, the epimastigote stage, found exclusively in the vector, and the amastigote stage, an intracellular stage in the vertebrate host, cannot penetrate the cell directly. We have therefore concentrated our efforts on trypomastigote surface proteins and, along with others, have identified two trypomastigote-specific surface glycoproteins of relative molecular mass (Mr) 90,000 (90K) and 85,000 (85K). Antibody neutralization experiments indicate that the 85K glycoprotein is necessary for efficient interiorization of trypomastigotes in mammalian cells. Here we describe the molecular cloning of a genomic DNA fragment that encodes antigenic determinants present in the 85K trypomastigote surface antigen. The polypeptide fragment encoded by the cloned DNA is recognized by serum from a T. cruzi-infected host and is inferred by DNA sequence analysis to contain a nonapeptide unit that is tandemly repeated five times. Also, the messenger complementary to the cloned DNA fragment is present only in the trypomastigote stage of the parasite.     

近壁圆柱绕流积沙线的形成机理研究

应用粒子图像测速(PIV)系统进行近壁圆柱绕流实验,探讨壁面积沙现象的机理.分别在两个动量损失厚度雷诺数1 092和796下,对两个不同直径的圆柱,取间隙比(圆柱与壁面间的距离与圆柱直径之比)0到1.5中的12个值进行实验,总结了不同情况下积沙线的形成特点.研究结果表明:积沙线形成的可能原因是由于圆柱对平板壁面边界层的影响,使得边界层流动在圆柱下游一到两倍圆柱直径的平板壁面处发生壁面分离,在分离区域流体速度减小,并且产生附着涡,流体运动挟带到此处的粒子速度减小,发生沉积而形成.