鱼类海盘虫属两新种(单殖亚纲,锚首虫科)

记述了分别寄生于日本骨鳂Ostichthys japonicus （Cuvier ＆ Valencienne）和银方头鱼Branchiostegus argentatus（Cuvier ＆Valenciennes）鳃上的海盘虫属两新种.五芒海盘虫,新种 Haliotrema pentaristulata sp.nov在中央大钩的形态上相似于红鰃海盘虫Haliotrema holocentri Young,1968,石斑海盘虫 H.epinepheli Young,1968和驼背鲈海盘虫H.cromileptis Young,1968,背联结片相似于H.cromileptis,腹联结片相似于H. holocentri,交接管的形状与量度与已知者也不同;唐氏海盘虫,新种 H.tangi sp.nov与鯒海盘虫H.platycephali Yin ＆ Sproston,1948和马卡萨海盘虫H.macassarensis（Yam.,1963）Bychowsky ＆ Nagibina,1971在中央大钩的形态上相似,但新种的联结片、交接器和阴道结构与已知种不同.     

两种海盘虫(包括一新种)及一种宽海盘虫的记述

记述了寄生于黑鲷Sparus macrocephalus（Basilewsky）与紫红笛鲷Lutjanus argentimaculatus（Forskai）鳃上的海盘虫属一新种及寄生于勒氏笛鲷Lutjanus russelli（Bleek，1849）鳃上的螺管海盘虫Haliotrema spirotubiforum Zhang，2001，长阴宽海盘虫Euryhaliotrema chrysotaeniae （Young，1968）Kritsky＆．Boeger，2002。瘤钩海盘虫，新种Haliotrema tukerhamatus sp．nov．的两对中央大钩钩尖基部有一瘤状突起；背中央大钩和背联结片的形状均相似于Haliotrema longihamus Zhukov，1976，但新种背腹中央大钩形状相同，均没有内外突的分化；腹联结片前缘凹入，中部后缘有一显著的向后凸起，而已知种背腹中央大钩形状相异，腹中央大钩内外突分化明显，腹联结片平直；新种交接管近端多次弯曲，远端环绕一圈，而已知种交接管仅在中部环绕一圈。     

中国海洋鱼类单殖吸虫研究（ⅩⅦ）:格氏虫属Grubea一新种

摘要 描述了寄生于鲐鱼Pneumatophorus japonicus (Houttuyn)鳃部的钩铗虫科格氏虫亚科Grubeinae格氏虫属Grubea一新种:中国格氏虫Grubea sinensis sp. nov. 新种以大吸铗的后辅片（SPS）向前弯曲并夹住后弓片(SAP)而明显不同于本属的2个已知种Grubea cochlear及Grubea australis,另新种的小生殖钩数量较已知种少,后吸器的形状也与已知种存在差异．     

新海盘虫属二新种（单殖吸虫，锚首虫科）

报道了寄生于五带豆娘鱼Abudefduf vaigiensis和六带豆娘鱼Abudefduf sexfasciatus鳃上的新海盘虫属2新种.广东新海盘虫，新种Neohaliotrema guangdongensis sp.nov.与贝氏新海盘虫Neohalaiotrema bychowshii Zhukov,1976和弯曲片新海盘虫Neohaliotrema dicurvilamellatum Li Li,2000的中央大钩和交接管相似，但新种背中央大钩内突端部具有一C形的附片，支持器呈勺状，而贝氏新海盘虫的支持器位于交接管的末端，呈片状，双曲片新海盘虫支持器呈6字形，前后两端几丁质向内侧卷折.澳头新海盘虫，新种Neohaliotrema,aotouensis sp.nov.与细小新海盘虫Neohaliotrema gracilis Zhukov,1976和拉氏新海盘虫Neohaliotrema nagibinae Zhukov,1976后吸器的形状较为相似，但新种背中央大钩在内突端部有2个尖状凸，腹中央大钩内突上具有1个U形的附片，背联结片中央后缘后凸，腹联结片中部有2个耳状突而与已知种不同，其次，新种交接管（长0.018～0.024）明显短于细小新海盘虫的交接管（长0.045～0.058）和拉氏新海盘虫的交接管（长0.030～0.031），支持器宽片状，从基部延伸到交接的1/2～2/3处，而细小新海盘虫在交接管末端呈C形，支持器位交接管的末端，呈弯曲的三角形，拉氏新海盘虫的支持器结构不易发现.     

锚首虫科(单殖亚纲)两新种的记述

报道了分别寄生于花尾胡椒鲷Plectorhynchuscinctus(Temminck＆Schlegel)和蓑Pteriossp 鳃上的嗜石鲈虫属一新种和海盘虫属一新种。胡椒鲷嗜石鲈虫,新种Bravohollisiaplectorhynchus,sp nov 的中央大钩的形状与本属其它种相似,但交接器的形状和量度有明显差异;蓑海盘虫,新种Haliotremapterois,sp nov 的中央大钩的形状与马卡萨海盘虫Haliotremamacassarensis(Yam.,1963)Bychowsky＆Nagibina,1971相似,但量度略长;交接管均为弯曲的长管,但已知种的交接管长度比本种短1/3,且已知种交接管有多条几丁质丝环绕,几丁质丝末端伸离管壁,而该种只有1条几丁质丝环绕交接管,末端附在交接管上,该种还具有一倒"L"形的基座。     

指环虫属四新种

记述了寄生于淡水鱼类的指环虫4新种.梳齿指环虫,新种Dactylogyrus pectinatesp.n.,以细长管状且捲曲两圈的交接器及长条状支持器和梳齿状背联片而区别于D.quadricurvitubus Zhang et al.;凹形指环虫,新种Dactylogyrus concavusiformis sp.n.,以单一的“(?)”形腹联片和交接器及支持器的结构不同而别于D.markewitschi Gussev;华鲮指环虫,新种Dactylogyrus sinilabe sp.n.,则因支持器以基部双臂合成一柄状侧连单棒及交接器的不同而区别于D.xiondareni Pan et al.;三汇指环虫,新种Dactylogyrussanhuiensis Zhao et zou sp.n.,以镰刀状支持器及交接器形态、量度不同而区别于D.falciformis Achmerov和D.procypris Ma et al.     

锚首虫科(单殖亚纲)两新种的记述

记述了寄生于紫红笛鲷Lutjanusargentimaculatus(Forskai)鳃上的宽海盘虫属EuryhaliotremaKrit-sky&Boeger,2002一新种和海盘虫属HaliotremaJohnston&Tiegs,1922一新种.广东宽海盘虫,新种Eury-haliotremaguangdongensissp.nov.的中央大钩的形状和量度与Euryhaliotremacarbunculu(Hargis,1955)Kritsky&Boeger,2002相似,新种的交接管和已知种的交接管均为环状,但新种交接管环绕8～9圈,已知种只有2圈,支持器的结构及量度差异较大.南澳海盘虫,新种Haliotremananaoisp.n.的中央大钩和联结片的形态相似于真黑鲷海盘虫HaliotremaeukurodaiZhangetal.,1995,但新种的中央大钩量度较小,交接管基部膨大呈球状,中间直,远端微呈"S"的细长管,而已知种交接管为粗状弓曲,呈"C"形,且新种的交接管的据弯度长(125～146)为已知种(60～70)的2.1倍;此外新种未见有支持器,而已知种有支持器.     

新海盘虫属(单殖吸虫,锚首虫科)两新种的研究

该文报道了寄生于五带豆娘鱼Abudefduf vaigiensis和六带豆娘鱼Abudefduf sexfasciatus鳃上的新海盘虫属2新种.广东新海盘虫,新种Neohaliotrema guangdongensis sp.nov.与贝氏新海盘虫Neohaliotrema bychowskii Zhukov,1976和双曲片新海盘虫Neohaliotrema dicurvilamellatum LiLi,2000的中央大钩和交接管相似,但新种背中央大钩内突端部具有一"C"形的附片,支持器呈勺状,而贝氏新海盘虫的支持器位于交接管的末端,呈片状,双曲片新海盘虫支持器呈"6"字形,前后两端几丁质向内侧卷折.澳头新海盘虫,新种Neohaliotrema,aotouensis sp.nov.与细小新海盘虫Neohaliotrema gracilis Zhukov,1976和拉氏新海盘虫Neohaliotrema nagibinae Zhukov,1976后吸器的形状较为相似,但新种背中央大钩在内突端部有2个尖状凸,腹中央大钩内突上具有1个"U"形的附片,背联结片中央后缘后凸,腹联结片中部有2个耳状突而与已知种不同,其次,新种交接管(长0.018～0.024mm)明显短于细小新海盘虫的交接管(长0.045～0.058mm)和拉氏新海盘虫的交接管(长0.030～0.031mm),支持器宽片状,从基部延伸到交接管的1/2～2/3处,而细小新海盘虫交接管末端呈"C"形,支持器位交接管的末端,呈弯曲的三角形,拉氏新海盘虫的支持器结构不易发现.     

多唇虫属（Polylabris）一新种的记述（钩铗虫目：微杯虫科）

本文记述寄生在云斑海猪鱼Ｈａｌｉｃｈｏｅｒｅｓ ｎｉｇｒｅｓｃｅｎｓ鳃上的多唇虫属一新种;海猪鱼多唇虫Ｐｏｌｙｌａｂｒｉｓ ｈａｌｉｃｈｏｅｒｅｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．新种以吸铗数目,生殖腔外围有同心环的肌纤维等特征而区别于近似种Ｐｏｌｙｌａｂｒｉｓ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ Ｏｇａｗａ ｅｔ Ｅｇｕｓａ,１９８０。     

湖南鱼类鲌亚科寄生两种指环虫的记述

描述了湖南省沃水流域鲌亚科鱼类寄生两种指环虫，即：嘉鱼指环虫Dactylogyrus jiayuensis Zhang et Ji，1980拟尖头红鲌为其宿主新记录；大钩指环虫Dactylogyrus magnihamatus Achmerow,1952，似鱎和青梢红鲌为其宿主新记录．并比较了不同宿主鳃上同种虫体几丁质结构的形态学差异．     

盐胁迫对两种忍冬属植物活性氧平衡的影响

以红白忍冬和郁香忍冬盆栽苗为试验材料,研究不同浓度的NaCl胁迫对两者生理指标的影响,并比较它们的耐盐性差异。结果表明,在盐胁迫条件下,两种植物叶片的电导率、MDA含量均不断上升。胁迫期间,红白忍冬的H2O2含量相对于对照没有明显变化,O.2-产生速率在处理前期明显上升,上升出现的时间迟于郁香忍冬;而郁香忍冬的H2O2含量一直维持较高水平,O.2-产生速率在处理前期也有所增加。红白忍冬的SOD、APX和CAT活性总体表现出先上升后下降的趋势,而POD活性则一直上升。郁香忍冬在胁迫期间,其SOD活性有小幅增加;APX和CAT的活性均呈现先上升后下降的趋势;POD活性前期没有明显增加,在处理终期时也仅在100mmol/L胁迫下才显著增加。表明两种植物在遭受盐胁迫时,均能启动抗氧化酶系统来清除活性氧,降低氧化胁迫的伤害。同时,相对于郁香忍冬,红白忍冬通过快速上调抗氧化酶活性,降低盐胁迫对膜脂过氧化作用,保持膜的完整性,从而更好地抵御氧化损害更耐受盐胁迫。     

Explaining the excess of rare species in natural species abundance distributions

The observation that a few species in ecological communities are exceptionally abundant, whereas most are rare, prompted the development of species abundance models. Nevertheless, despite the large literature on the commonness and rarity of species inspired by these pioneering studies, some widespread empirical patterns of species abundance resist easy explanation. Notable among these is the observation that in large assemblages there are more rare species than the log normal model predicts. Here we use a long-term (21-year) data set, from an estuarine fish community, to show how an ecological community can be separated into two components. Core species, which are persistent, abundant and biologically associated with estuarine habitats, are log normally distributed. Occasional species occur infrequently in the record, are typically low in abundance and have different habitat requirements; they follow a log series distribution. These distributions are overlaid, producing the negative skew that characterizes real data sets.     

Interpretation of the biological species concept from interspecific hybridization of two Helicoverpa species

The biological species concept defines species in terms of interbreeding. Interbreeding between spe-cies is prevented by reproductive isolation mechanisms. Based on our results of interspecific hybridi-zation between Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa assulta, reproductive isolation mechanisms of the two species are analyzed. A combination of prezygotic factors (absent sex attraction and physical incompatibility of the genitalia) and postzygotic factors (female absence and partial sterility in F1 hy-brids) causes reproductive isolation of the two species. In addition, the role of interspecific hybridiza-tion in speciation is discussed.     

The nature of plant species

Many botanists doubt the existence of plant species, viewing them as arbitrary constructs of the human mind, as opposed to discrete, objective entities that represent reproductively independent lineages or 'units of evolution'. However, the discreteness of plant species and their correspondence with reproductive communities have not been tested quantitatively, allowing zoologists to argue that botanists have been overly influenced by a few 'botanical horror stories', such as dandelions, blackberries and oaks. Here we analyse phenetic and/or crossing relationships in over 400 genera of plants and animals. We show that although discrete phenotypic clusters exist in most genera (> 80%), the correspondence of taxonomic species to these clusters is poor (< 60%) and no different between plants and animals. Lack of congruence is caused by polyploidy, asexual reproduction and over-differentiation by taxonomists, but not by contemporary hybridization. Nonetheless, crossability data indicate that 70% of taxonomic species and 75% of phenotypic clusters in plants correspond to reproductively independent lineages (as measured by postmating isolation), and thus represent biologically real entities. Contrary to conventional wisdom, plant species are more likely than animal species to represent reproductively independent lineages.