Natural selection and adaptive evolution of leptin

Leptin is an adiposity-secreted hormone that is pivotal in regulating feeding behavior,energy metabolism and body mass.The study of leptin has been of crucial importance for public health and pharmaceutical intervention given its role in obesity.Generally,leptin is highly conserved due to its functional importance.However,episodes of rapid sequence evolution and positive selection have been observed in some mammalian species,indicating that the leptin functions in these animals may have undergone adaptive modification to their environments.In this article,we review the adaptive evolution of leptin and its potential functional consequences.This review is expected to guide future research of molecular evolution and functional assays of this gene,and also to provide a theoretical foundation for the use of leptin in therapeutic applications.     

陕西苹果园的天敌昆虫资源及利用

论述了利用天敌昆虫来进行害虫生物防治的重要措施 ,通过调查研究 ,初步探讨了陕西省苹果园天敌昆虫资源及利用 .共记述了 6目 2 1科 5 8种天敌昆虫 .     

"自然选择"与植物多样性--自然选择新图景的启示

文章用自然选择新图景的观点讨论了植物多样性。     

Intragenic amplification and divergence in the mouse alpha-fetoprotein gene

The DNA sequences of the 14 exon junctions in the murine alpha-fetoprotein gene were determined using cloned genomic DNA. When these exons were examined with respect to the polypeptide segments they encoded, a direct correspondence between a threefold repeat of four exons and three protein domains was observed. Nucleotide sequence comparisons among the four exons of each domain were used to deduce the likely structure of the primordial domain, and the order and mechanism of its triplication to form the tripartite ancestral gene from which both alpha-fetoprotein and serum albumin arose. Sequence homologies among the four exons that constitute a single domain also suggest that they were derived, at least in part, from a common sequence which underwent successive amplification and divergence.     

苹果汁掺假检测及储藏过程中营养物质变化的研究

应用紫外光谱法结合主成分分析法,对掺入梨汁、甘蔗汁和葡萄糖、果糖及蔗糖溶液的掺假苹果汁进行了快速检测;同时,对苹果汁在室温储藏过程中营养物质的变化进行了研究.实验结果表明:紫外光谱法结合主成分分析法可以较好地检测出掺假的苹果汁,尤其是掺梨汁的苹果汁;苹果汁在室温储藏时,其可溶性固形物、维生素C、黄酮、总糖和还原糖的含量、pH值、抗氧化活性都呈降低的趋势,总酚含量则相对稳定.     

The role of parasites in sympatric and allopatric host diversification

Exploiters (parasites and predators) are thought to play a significant role in diversification, and ultimately speciation, of their hosts or prey. Exploiters may drive sympatric (within-population) diversification if there are a variety of exploiter-resistance strategies or fitness costs associated with exploiter resistance. Exploiters may also drive allopatric (between-population) diversification by creating different selection pressures and increasing the rate of random divergence. We examined the effect of a virulent viral parasite (phage) on the diversification of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens in spatially structured microcosms. Here we show that in the absence of phages, bacteria rapidly diversified into spatial niche specialists with similar patterns of diversity across replicate populations. In the presence of phages, sympatric diversity was greatly reduced, as a result of phage-imposed reductions in host density decreasing competition for resources. In contrast, allopatric diversity was greatly increased as a result of phage-imposed selection for resistance, which caused populations to follow divergent evolutionary trajectories. These results show that exploiters can drive diversification between populations, but may inhibit diversification within populations by opposing diversifying selection that arises from resource competition.     

观文矿区地下暗河中天然电场选频法的探测研究

天然电场选频法在地下暗河的勘探中有抗干扰能力强、方便、快速、资料直观易解释等独特的优点.简述了天然电场选频法的基本工作原理以及该方法在工作中注意的问题,在分析水文地质条件的基础上,运用天然电场选频的方法,对观文矿区内地下暗河进行了探测研究,并根据探测结果与地质构造特征,初步确定了探测区的4条地下暗河,为+ 875运输巷...     

Interactions among quantitative traits in the course of sympatric speciation.

Sympatric speciation, the origin of two or more species from a single local population, has almost certainly been involved in formation of several species flocks, and may be fairly common in nature. The most straightforward scenario for sympatric speciation requires disruptive selection favouring two substantially different phenotypes, and consists of the evolution of reproductive isolation between them followed by the elimination of all intermediate phenotypes. Here we use the hypergeometric phenotypic model to show that sympatric speciation is possible even when fitness and mate choice depend on different quantitative traits, so that speciation must involve formation of covariance between these traits. The increase in the number of variable loci affecting fitness facilitates sympatric speciation, whereas the increase in the number of variable loci affecting mate choice has the opposite effect. These predictions may enable more cases of sympatric speciation to be identified.     

Myosin domain evolution and the primary divergence of eukaryotes

Eukaryotic cells have two contrasting cytoskeletal and ciliary organizations. The simplest involves a single cilium-bearing centriole, nucleating a cone of individual microtubules (probably ancestral for unikonts: animals, fungi, Choanozoa and Amoebozoa). In contrast, bikonts (plants, chromists and all other protozoa) were ancestrally biciliate with a younger anterior cilium, converted every cell cycle into a dissimilar posterior cilium and multiple ciliary roots of microtubule bands. Here we show by comparative genomic analysis that this fundamental cellular dichotomy also involves different myosin molecular motors. We found 37 different protein domain combinations, often lineage-specific, and many previously unidentified. The sequence phylogeny and taxonomic distribution of myosin domain combinations identified five innovations that strongly support unikont monophyly and the primary bikont/unikont bifurcation. We conclude that the eukaryotic cenancestor (last common ancestor) had a cilium, mitochondria, pseudopodia, and myosins with three contrasting domain combinations and putative functions.     

室内设计中自然材质的色彩表情与生态

许多室内设计师在从事设计时青睐于自然材料,尤其对自然材质千变万化的色彩特别钟情。本文主要针对自然材质的色彩表情、色彩应用与生态等方面的问题作一些粗浅的探讨。     

HLA-A and B polymorphisms predate the divergence of humans and chimpanzees

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) glycoproteins bind processed fragments of proteins and present them to the receptors of T lymphocytes. The extraordinary polymorphism of class I MHC molecules in man (HLA-A, B and C) and mouse (H-2 K, D and L) poses many questions concerning their diversification and evolution. Comparison of allelic sequences within a species suggests diversity is generated by the assortment of point mutations into varied combinations by mechanisms of recombination and gene conversion. We have now compared class I MHC alleles in two closely related species: humans (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Chimpanzee homologues of HLA-A, HLA-B and a non-classical gene have been identified. No features distinguishing human and chimpanzee alleles could be found. Individual HLA-A or B alleles are more closely related to individual chimpanzee alleles than to other HLA-A or B alleles. These results show that a considerable proportion of contemporary HLA-A and B polymorphism existed before divergence of the chimpanzee and human lines. The stability of the polymorphism indicates that hyper-mutational mechanisms are not necessary to account for HLA-A, B and C diversity.     

Plasma protease inhibitors in mouse and man: divergence within the reactive centre regions

The plasma protease inhibitors control a wide variety of physiological functions including blood coagulation, complement activation and aspects of the inflammatory response. The inhibitors function by forming a 1:1 complex with a specific protease within the reactive centre region of the inhibitor. Little is known about the evolutionary relationships of these inhibitors. We report here the sequences of cDNAs which represent the C-terminal halves of the two major murine plasma protease inhibitors. One of these, murine alpha 1-antitrypsin, more appropriately called alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1-PI), has diverged from its human counterpart at a vital position in the reactive centre but this has not led to a physiologically significant change in function. Also, we have determined the partial sequence of a recently characterized protein termed contrapsin, which inhibits trypsin-like proteases. We show, surprisingly, that contrapsin is highly homologous to human alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, an inhibitor of chymotrypsin-like proteases. The reactive centre regions of these two inhibitors have diverged considerably, which may account for the differences in specificity. We propose that the genes for contrapsin and human alpha 1-antichymotrypsin are the descendents of a single gene that have evolved since rodent and primate divergence to encode proteins with different functions.     

山西省自然资源禀赋分析

在分析山西省土地、水、气候、矿产等自然资源情况的基础上,阐述了各类资源的禀赋及生产、加工、转换过程中的特征,以期为资源的深度开发寻找适宜的技术与制度环境.     

陕西省苹果产量品质预报系统

采用面向对象的开发方法,在Windows 32位操作系统环境下,用Delphi与SQL Server成功开发了Client/Server结构的一套苹果产量、品质预报业务系统.该系统主要由数据库管理、因子分析、产量预报模式、品质预报模式、系统辅助功能模块5部分组成.其主要特点是操作简易、结果客观定量.建模时考虑了影响统计模式预报精度的多重因素,筛选因子过程严格,建模方法多样,使得建立的模型比较稳定可靠.     

正项级数敛散性的一种新的判别法

以级数■/n(lnn)~p (p＞0)为标准,利用泰勒展式与高阶无穷小,仿照拉贝判别法的形式进行讨论,建立了一种比拉贝判别法更为有效的判别法。     

进一步探讨正项级数的收敛与发散

介绍一个关于正项级数收敛与发散的判别法,并由此判别几个重要级数的敛散性,以此说明没有一个正项级数发散得最慢,也没有一个正项级数收敛得最慢。