On the Construction of Mental Objects in Third and in First Persons

This paper deals with some formal properties of objects that are supposed to be internal to persons, that is, mental structures and mental functions. Depending on the ways of talking about these internal objects, they will appear different. Two types of discourse will be presented, to be called the realist and the nominalist discourses, and for eachdiscourse I will focus upon the construction of `self'.The realist discourse assumes an identity between the person and his construction of himself. I will illustrate this discourse in terms of Descartes' ideas on himself as a `thinking substance'. The nominalist discourse assumes an impossibility to attain this identity, and instead to imply a complementarity between the person and his self-construction. I will illustrate this discourse in terms of the problems both William James and Sartre discerned when a conscious person chases after his own consciousness (termed `judging thought' and `pour-soi' respectively).     

表征还是建构? 量子场论的一种解释

在本文中,我坚持认为,量子场论所描述的具有因果关系的实体层次中那些基本的实体不是粒子而是场。然后,我从结构实在论的角度进一步讨论了在何种意义上并在何种程度上,有关场的这种理论建构可以被看作物理实在的客观表征。     

论量子测量解释中的实在观

本文通过对不同量子测量解释的共同基本特征的考察,系统地阐述了量子测量解释中隐含的实在观的三个基本信条,(1)在本体论意义上,承认世界的独立存在性;(2)可以对物理过程进行统计因果性的说明;(3)物理世界具有非分离性或整体性.提出了以这种整体性实在观为前提,对量子力学的实在论解释要求重新审查传统真理观的观点.     

Pragmatism, Realism and Hermeneutics

This paper explores themethodological consequences of AmericanPragmatism for the social sciences. It alsocriticises some rival perspectives onmethodology of social research, in particularfalsificationist, realist and someanti-naturalist views. It is argued thatAmerican Pragmatism shows striking affinitieswith the genealogical method of history and thereflexive turn in cultural anthropology. It isalso argued that Pragmatism forces us to thinkdifferently about the relationship betweentheory and empirical research.     

模块性、经典计算和意向实在论——论福多思维非模块性论题的一个本体论后果

福多将计算模块的概念运用于对心灵模块性的分析，提出心灵之负责输入分析的部分（感知觉系统、语言系统等）是模块性的，而心灵之专司信念的确立和思维之职的部分（中心系统）是非模块性的。由此，福多进一步得出心的计算理论不适用于中心系统的结论。然而，福多的结论给他的计算主义的意向实在论辩护带来了问题：如果思维不是计算，那么，福多关于常识心理学所持的意向实在论主张就成了空中楼阁。     

当代哲学视域下的逻辑哲学——普特南论逻辑和模糊性的哲学启示探析

形而上学实在论者认为不存在模糊对象,逻辑学家们在考虑模糊性问题时则面临语言的实际使用问题。如果模糊语言不能转化为理想语言但本身又是难以避免的,日常语言或者至少是包含不精确的语词的语言将会一直存在。哲学不能永远使其自身限制在假想语言的逻辑结构的理论之中。有关模糊性问题的讨论体现了当代哲学实用主义和分析哲学相结合的前景,标志着分析哲学的一个新的发展阶段,也蕴含了实用主义向新实用主义转变的趋势。     

Quantum Nonlocality and the Challenge to Scientific Realism

In this essay I examine various aspects of the nearcentury-long debate concerning the conceptualfoundations of quantum mechanics and the problems ithas posed for physicists and philosophers fromEinstein to the present. Most crucial here is theissue of realism and the question whether quantumtheory is compatible with any kind of realist orcausal-explanatory account which goes beyond theempirical-predictive data. This was Einstein's chiefconcern in the famous series of exchanges with NielsBohr when he refused to accept the truth orcompleteness of a doctrine (orthodox QM) which ruledsuch questions to be strictly inadmissible. I discussthe later history of quantum-theoretical debate withparticular reference to the issue of nonlocality,i.e., the phenomenon of superluminal(faster-than-light) interaction betweenwidely-separated particles. Then I show how thestandard `Copenhagen' interpretation of QM hasinfluenced current anti-realist orontological-relativist approaches to philosophy ofscience. Indeed, there are clear signs that somephilosophers have retreated from a realist positionvery largely in response to just these problems. So itis important to ask exactly why – on what scientificor philosophical grounds – any preferred alternative(causal-realist) construal should have been ruled outas a matter of orthodox QM wisdom. Moreconstructively, my paper presents various arguments infavour of one such alternative, the `hidden-variables'theory developed since the early 1950s by David Bohmand consistently marginalised by proponents of theCopenhagen doctrine.     

Mathematical Naturalism: Origins, Guises, and Prospects

During the first half of the twentieth century, mainstream answers to the foundational crisis, mainly triggered by Russell and Gödel, remained largely perfectibilist in nature. Along with a general naturalist wave in the philosophy of science, during the second half of that century, this idealist picture was finally challenged and traded in for more realist ones. Next to the necessary preliminaries, the present paper proposes a structured view of various philosophical accounts of mathematics indebted to this general idea, laying the ground for a desirable integration of their strenghts.     

A Further Review of the Incompatibility between Classical Principles and Quantum Postulates

The traditional “realist” conception of physics, according to which human concepts, laws and theories can grasp the essence of a reality in our absence, seems incompatible with quantum formalism and it most fruitful interpretation. The proof rests on the violation by quantum mechanical formalism of some fundamental principles of the classical ontology. We discuss if the conception behind Einstein’s idea of a reality in our absence, could be still maintained and at which price. We conclude that quantum mechanical formalism is not formulated on those terms, leaving for a separated paper the discussion about the terms in which it could be formulated and the onto-epistemological implications it might have.     

The Documentary Real: Thinking Documentary Aesthetics

In this article we consider the growing interest in recent years in the use of documentary strategies in the wold of contemporary art, film and performing arts and explore some of the central epistemological assumptions underpinning the persistent idea that the documentary should be equated with ‘non-fiction’. Following Stella Bruzzi we argue that if documentary theory maintains objectivity as the primary measure of value, it will inevitably and continuously arrive at the conclusion that the documentary genre is fundamentally flawed. Instead, we propose to move beyond the ‘realist epistemology’ of documentary theory and focus on the ‘documentary real’, i.e. the specific performativity of the reality constructed in and by the documentary genre. In the last paragraphs, we introduce the various articles that address the “documentary real” in this special issue.     

明清徽商与皖南数学学派的兴起

徽商是中国近代社会区域经济的特殊现象,同时代共生徽州文化、建筑、谱牒、契约,造就了一大批数学家,打破长期家传、师承链,形成明清皖南数学学派,誉蛮海内外,探究崛起因素,为现实服务.     

Quantum Mechanics in a New Light

Although the present paper looks upon the formal apparatus of quantum mechanics as a calculus of correlations, it goes beyond a purely operationalist interpretation. Having established the consistency of the correlations with the existence of their correlata (measurement outcomes), and having justified the distinction between a domain in which outcome-indicating events occur and a domain whose properties only exist if their existence is indicated by such events, it explains the difference between the two domains as essentially the difference between the manifested world and its manifestation. A single, intrinsically undifferentiated Being manifests the macroworld by entering into reflexive spatial relations. This atemporal process implies a new kind of causality and sheds new light on the mysterious nonlocality of quantum mechanics. Unlike other realist interpretations, which proceed from an evolving-states formulation, the present interpretation proceeds from Feynman’s formulation of the theory, and it introduces a new interpretive principle, replacing the collapse postulate and the eigenvalue–eigenstate link of evolving-states formulations. Applied to alternatives involving distinctions between regions of space, this principle implies that the spatiotemporal differentiation of the physical world is incomplete. Applied to alternatives involving distinctions between things, it warrants the claim that, intrinsically, all fundamental particles are identical in the strong sense of numerical identical. They are the aforementioned intrinsically undifferentiated Being, which manifests the macroworld by entering into reflexive spatial relations.     

The Construction of Chaos Theory

This paper aims at a logico-mathematical analysis of the concept of chaos from the point of view of a constructivist philosophy of physics. The idea of an internal logic of chaos theory is meant as an alternative to a realist conception of chaos. A brief historical overview of the theory of dynamical systems is provided in order to situate the philosophical problem in the context of probability theory. A finitary probabilistic account of chaos amounts to the theory of measurement in the line of a quantum-theoretical foundational perspective and the paper concludes on the non-classical internal logic of chaos theory. Finally, deterministic chaos points to a philosophy which asserts that chaotic systems are no less measurable than other physical systems where predictable and non–predictable phenomena intermingle in a constructive theory of measurement.

认知计算主义的威力和软肋

认知的本质就是计算是认知科学研究纲领的核心,却一直遭到来自不同方面的责难和攻击.本文运用科学哲学中关于理论评价的增殖力标准,论证了认知计算主义是一个很有力量和前途的研究纲领,同时指出计算与其物理实现可分离的预设是它的软肋,最后分析了为消除这一软肋认知计算主义正在发生的新变化.     

试论科学哲学的"心理转向"

"心理转向"是继"语言转向"之后,科学哲学在其理论发展和演变过程中呈现出的又一重要趋向性特征.这一人类哲学理性的又一次进步归根结底是由语言哲学发展过程中的内在压力、科学发展所产生的外在动力以及西方科学哲学发展在后现代景观下的客观要求所决定的.因此,它是科学与哲学自身逻辑发展自然而又必然的趋向.它的形成消解了科学及哲学研究中理性主义与非理性主义的极端对立,为科学主义与人文主义、英美哲学及大陆哲学的合流提供了中介与桥梁,并进一步促成了哲学重心由语言哲学向心灵哲学的转移.     

对WHO传统医学战略的反思和建议

本文对世界卫生组织（WHO）制定和实施《2002-2005年传统医学战略》的经验教训进行了理论上的总结,认为基础性的“知识缺陷”导致该战略没有发挥关键性作用。建议我国应以“扶持中医药和民族医药事业发展”为契机,在大力消除“知识缺陷”的基础上,促进我国全民健康事业的顺利发展。     

热声热机研究的发展与展望

热声热机是近几十年来发展起来的一种新型热力机械,由于其无运动部件、工质无害、能利用低品位热能等优点受到关注。本文回顾了热声热机研究的发展历程,并对下一步的发展进行了展望。     

普遍语法与语言范式——从哲学、心理学到生物学的历程

普遍语法思想具有悠久的认识论渊源。乔姆斯基认为普遍语法是人脑初始状态与生俱来的生物属性,语言研究最终会同主流的自然科学统一融合。本文扼要论述了普遍语法从哲学、心理学到生物遗传与进化三个主要的发展阶段。作者指出普遍语法不仅改变了传统语言研究的范式,其自身也经历了多个范式的转变,当前提出的“唯递归性假设”就是普遍语法在生物遗传与进化研究基础之上的最新进展。     

持续创新:国外创新研究的新趋向

持续创新已经成为21世纪企业谋求可持续发展的必然途径和企业创新研究的重要方向。持续创新理念是否能够在企业有效地实施以及怎样实施引起了学者们的广泛关注与研究。本文全面考察了国外近年来关于持续创新研究的新进展。     

纳米制造基础研究的相关进展

纳米制造是多学科的新型交叉研究领域。对其基础研究的深入展开可为前沿制造技术的进步提供有力支撑。在过去的20多年里，基于纳米制造的探索已展示出宽广的发展前景，并将在多个行业为社会带来巨大的经济效益。本文在简要介绍纳米制造背景、意义及应用的同时，着重描述国内外在纳米制造基础领域的研究现状，以及天津大学微纳制造实验室（MNMT）近年来所取得的研究进展。并对纳米制造基础研究进行展望。