Passive-source ocean bottom seismograph （OBS） array experiment in South China Sea and data quality analyses

Long-term passive source ocean bottom seis- mograph （OBS） observatory is challenging due to various technical difficulties. In order to gain experience in this field, and to reveal the lithospheric structure beneath the extinct ridge in the central South China Sea （SCS）, we carried out a passive source OBS array experiment, which includes 18 OBSs, in the deep portion of SCS. Here we present the instrumentation, the OBS deployment and recovery of this experiment, and more importantly, the data quality evaluated by a number of approaches. Through processing and inspecting waveforms from global, regional and local earthquakes, we find that most of recovered OBSs have good data quality with discernible main phases. The ambient noise analyses of OBS recordings show that their noise is higher than the global average, and the horizontal component is noisier than the vertical, indicating current impacts on horizontal components are more severe. In the period range of 5-10 s, there is a noise notch for the SCS OBSs, and noise levels of horizontal components are comparable to the vertical. This feature, which is not seen at OBS stations in open ocean, suggests the distant sources for double frequency microseism in this marginal sea are not significant. In addition, we successfully determined the orientations for 7 OBSs by investigating their Rayleigh wave polarizations; and we demonstrated the dispersion feature of Rayleigh waves through the frequency-time analysis. Finally, we summarized lessons learned from this experiment regarding the passive source OBS investiga- tions in SCS.     

川滇地区典型强震诱发滑坡分布对比研究

近年来,川滇地区相继发生了2008年汶川Ms8.0级地震、2013年芦山Ms7.0级地震、2014年鲁甸Ms6.5级地震以及2017年九寨沟Ms7.0级地震,4次地震均引发了大量的地震滑坡灾害。本文通过统计分析,从地震、地形地貌和地质3个大类因素中,选取地面峰值加速度（PGA）、地震烈度、距断层距离、地层岩性、高程、坡度、坡向7个因子,对比分析此4次强震诱发滑坡分布规律。由此发现了一些共性特征：（1）4次地震均呈现出滑坡分布（数量和密度）与PGA和震级的正相关关系,（2）地质地貌越复杂地区（沟谷发育、坡降大）滑坡数量越多,（3）滑坡分布最大距离随地震震级增加而增加。另外,现发了差异性特征：（1）在最大影响距离0.2倍的近断层区域,汶川地震滑坡占76%,而其它3次地震仅占27%;（2）滑坡在相对软弱地层（第四系地层、软层等）分布数量反而较硬岩区滑坡分布最少。针对差异性,从发震断裂性质、震级、地层岩性、地震烈度、断层错动方向讨论了成因。     

九寨沟Ms 7.0级地震的左旋走滑作用与动力机制

2017年8月8日四川九寨沟发生的Ms 7.0级地震是继2008年汶川Ms 8.0地震、2013年芦山Ms 7.0级地震后在青藏高原东缘发生的又一次强震。本文通过综合分析九寨沟Ms 7.0级地震及历史地震的震源机制解、余震和历史地震分布、区域应力场、活动断层等资料,来揭示九寨沟地震的发震构造与动力机制。初步研究结果表明:(1)此次地震的震中位于塔藏断裂、岷江断裂和虎牙断裂之间的交汇区,显示活动断裂的交汇区对此次地震的发生具有控制作用;(2)发震断裂为虎牙断裂,断裂走向为北西西向,倾向南西,倾角较陡,属于高倾角左旋走滑型地震;(3)震中位于虎牙断裂北段的北部地震空区,充填了1973年和1976年4次大于Mw6.0级地震空区;(4)此次地震位于2008年汶川Ms 8.0级地震的库仑应力增加区,应是汶川地震的应力传递和触发的结果;(5)此次地震位于巴颜喀拉块体的东北部顶角区,青藏高原东缘下地壳流向北东方向的挤出是驱动此次地震的动力机制。     

石棉Ms4.5级地震斜坡动力响应规律

我国西部地区自然灾害发育,地震频发。2022年9月石棉发生Ms4.5级地震,布置在泸定冷竹关沟的的强震监测仪记录到了这一珍贵数据,利用MATLAB进行小波变换后,得到时频图谱。分析结果表明：(1)S波在穿越岩层到达地表后会分化成高频和低频两部分,但在时域上间隔很小；(2)山体的山脊部位地震动响应强烈,S波低频携带能量更高,在发震时高频与低频能量会相互叠加,而低频叠加能量会更大；(3)地震动响应规律存在方向性,东西向和南北向比垂直向的响应更加强烈；(4)单薄山脊场地放大效应强于浑厚山体,原因为浑厚山体对地震波存在过滤作用。     

Opening and evolution of the South China Sea constrained by studies on volcanic rocks: Preliminary results and a research design

The South China Sea (SCS) is characterized by abundant seamounts, which provide important information about the evolution of the SCS and related deep processes. Cenozoic volcanism in the SCS and its surroundings comprises three stages relative to the spreading of the SCS:prespreading (>32 Ma), syn-spreading (32-16 Ma), and post-spreading (<16 Ma). The pre-spreading magmatism predominantly occurs on the northern margin of the SCS and in South China coastal areas and shows a bi-modal affinity. The syn-spreading magmatic activity was very limited on the periphery of the SCS, but may be concentrated in the SCS. However, seafloor samples of this stage are not available yet because of overlying thick sedimentary deposits. Post-spreading magmatism is widespread in the central and southwest sub-basins of the SCS, Hainan Island, Leizhou Peninsula, Thailand, and Vietnam. These are mainly alkali basalts with subordinate tholeiites, and display OIB-type geochemical characteristics. The Dupal isotope anomaly and presence of high-magnesian olivine phenocrysts suggests their possible derivation from the Hainan mantle plume. The temporal and spatial distribution of Cenozoic volcanism in the SCS and its surroundings may be accounted for either by plate stress re-organization before and after SCS spreading, or by ridge suction of plume flow during opening of the SCS. If the latter is the case, the volcanic rocks within the SCS basin may not be typical mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB). It remains puz-zling, however, that the transition between the South China continental margin and the SCS basin does not have features typical of a volcanic rifted margin. Clearly, the relationship between mantle plume and SCS opening needs further evaluation. A better un-derstanding of the link between deep processes and opening of the SCS not only requires enhanced studies on igneous petrogene-sis, but also is heavily dependent on systematic sampling of seafloor rocks.     

Rifting process and formation mechanisms of syn-rift stage prolongation in the deepwater basin,northern South China Sea

Based on the latest seismic and geological data, tectonic subsidence of three seismic lines in the deepwater area of Pearl River Mouth Basin （PRMB）, the northern South China Sea （SCS）, is calculated. The result shows that the rifting process of study area is different from the typical passive continental margin basin. Although the seafloor spreading of SCS initiated at 32 Ma, the tectonic subsidence rate does not decrease but increases instead, and then decreases at about 23 Ma, which indicates that the rifting continued after the onset of seafloor spreading until about 23 Ma. The formation thickness ex- hibits the same phenomenon, that is the syn-rift stage prolonged and the post-rift thermal subsidence delayed. The formation mechanisms are supposed to be three： （1） the lithospheric rigidity of the northern SCS is weak and its ductility is relatively strong, which delayed the strain relaxation resulting from the seafloor spreading; （2） the differential layered independent extension of the lithosphere may be one reason for the delay of post-rift stage; and （3） the southward transition of SCS spreading ridge during 24 to 21 Ma and the corresponding acceleration of seafloor spreading rate then triggered the initiation of large-scale thermal subsidence in the study area at about 23 Ma.     

岩石破坏过程中波速变化特征

在单轴阶段加载条件下,对取自闽南地区的闪长岩岩样进行了不同方向上纵波传播速度的测试.首先根据实验结果总结出不同方向波速在岩石破裂过程中的变化规律,然后基于应力微小变化范围内波速与应力遵循线性关系的假设构建波速-应力关系模型,最后通过多参数分段拟合方式求解模型待定系数.研究结果表明:平行于加载方向的波速在压密阶段快速上升,岩石破裂前的波速降不明显.而垂直于荷载方向的波速在压密阶段少量上升后在临近岩石破裂出现非常明显的波速降.波速-应力关系模型通过参数的变化可以准确地描述不同方向波速的变化过程,证明了模型的适用性.     

南海玄武岩：扩张洋脊与海山

 南海存在两种火山岩：洋中脊玄武岩（MORB）和洋岛玄武岩（OIB）。国际大洋发现计划（IODP）第349、367、368、368X航次在南海海盆的成功钻取,获得了南海初始扩张（~34 Ma）和停止扩张（~15-16 Ma）前的洋壳样品。南海东部、西南次海盆及北缘洋-陆过渡带代表海盆发展的不同阶段,具有不同的地幔潜能温度、物质组成和洋脊扩张速度,因此产生的洋中脊玄武岩成分差异显著。南海地区在扩张晚期及停止扩张之后存在大规模地幔上涌,与其周缘地区的持续俯冲有关,产出的海山OIB不同于地幔柱活动产生的火山链。南海虽小,但蕴含的信息异常丰富,是窥探地球深部难得的天然窗口。     

爆破破岩机理的实验研究

通过实验研究了在耦合装药及药包总爆炸能（Ｅ）大致相同的情况下，冲击能（Ｅｓ）与膨胀能（Ｅｂ）之间分配比例的变化，对爆炸应力波峰值及介质破碎质量带来的影响．实验结果表明，柱状药包爆炸时，在介质中先后产生原生爆炸应力波和次生爆炸应力波，前者与Ｅｓ的作用密切相关，后者与Ｅｂ的作用直接相关；介质破碎块度分布主要取决于这两个应力波共同作用的结果．据此，作者提出了原生爆炸应力波、次生爆炸应力波与介质中存在的缺陷共同作用的爆破破岩机理．     

渭河流域陕西片的水环境特性

针对流经陕西境内的渭河干流主要断面的流量逐年减少,而入河污染负荷却保持着增加趋势,导致渭河水质超标严重这一水环境现状,分析了渭河流域陕西片的降雨特性,并以降雨形式、地表特性(土壤类型,前期土壤湿润程度,土地利用)、地形特征等因素为基础,利用SCS模型进行了流域产流量的模拟计算。从降雨量与产流量的关系表明,单场降雨量小于6 mm时较难产生地表径流;由于流域片内除径流外没有可以利用的其他水资源。提出了改善渭河水质须削减入河污染负荷和增加河道流量并行措施。     

四川芦山Ms 7.0级地震震源机制解初步研究

 震源机制解研究是认识地震发震断层的重要手段,也是理解深部构造应力和地震发震机理的重要依据。2013年4月20日四川芦山发生M_s 7.0级地震,利用近震直达P波初动极性反演了地震机制解,同时利用全球地震台网波形记录,反演了地震机制解和矩心深度。两种方法所得发震断层走向倾角滑动角分别为208°/41°/98°和220°/46°/93°,表明这次地震为一高角度逆冲型地震,远震波形反演得到的矩心深度为12km。     

Geophysical evidence from the MELT area for compositional controls on oceanic plates

Magnetotelluric and seismic data, collected during the MELT experiment at the southern East Pacific Rise, constrain the distribution of melt beneath this mid-ocean-ridge spreading centre and also the evolution of the oceanic lithosphere during its early cooling history. Here we focus on structures imaged at distances approximately 100 to 350 km east of the ridge crest, corresponding to seafloor ages of approximately 1.3 to 4.5 million years (Myr), where the seismic and electrical conductivity structure is nearly constant and independent of age. Beginning at a depth of about 60 km, we image a large increase in electrical conductivity and a change from isotropic to transversely anisotropic electrical structure, with higher conductivity in the direction of fast propagation for seismic waves. Conductive cooling models predict structure that increases in depth with age, extending to about 30 km at 4.5 Myr ago. We infer, however, that the structure of young oceanic plates is instead controlled by a decrease in water content above a depth of 60 km induced by the melting process beneath the spreading centre.     

预警地震

共振是一种普遍现象,在地震事件中也存在,当一个大震爆发时,其地震波将引起一个已到了孕震晚期的震源体共振,地震波被吸收的能量一般并不多,但却可以作用孕震进程的一种标志,即预警信号。发出信号的大震称为预警地震,地震波是各向异性的,在地震带、纬度和经度的方向占有优势,一些毁城巨震,如唐山７．８级、海原８．５级和日本关东８．２级等地震,原来都存在着预警地震,预警地震的存在对可能发生大震地区的防震起到很重要的参考作用。     

Recent progress of deep seismic experiments and studies of crustal structure in northern South China Sea

The South China Sea (SCS) is one of the largest marginal seas in the western Pacific. Its northern part has the features of a passive continental margin. The studies of deep crustal structure in this area are very important for understanding the tectonic nature, evolution history, basin formation of the northern margin, and the origin of the SCS. In the past decades, the deep seismic experiments of crustal studies in the northern SCS have gone through three stages, namely the sonobuoy, two-ship Expanding Spread Profile (ESP), and Ocean Bottom Hydrophone/Seismometer (OBH/OBS). Along the continental slope, the sonobuoy experiments provided useful information about the velocity structure of the upper crust, while the ESP data recorded for the first time the seismic signals from deep crustal structure and Moho interface. And the OBH/OBS profiles revealed the crustal structure in much greater detail. This paper first gives a brief historical review of these deep seismic experiments and studies, then a summary of the latest progress and important research results. The remaining problems and suggestions for further research work are presented as conclusive remarks.     

Geophysical evidence for reduced melt production on the Arctic ultraslow Gakkel mid-ocean ridge

Most models of melt generation beneath mid-ocean ridges predict significant reduction of melt production at ultraslow spreading rates (full spreading rates &<20 mm x yr(-1)) and consequently they predict thinned oceanic crust. The 1,800-km-long Arctic Gakkel mid-ocean ridge is an ideal location to test such models, as it is by far the slowest portion of the global mid-ocean-ridge spreading system, with a full spreading rate ranging from 6 to 13 mm x yr(-1) (refs 4, 5). Furthermore, in contrast to some other ridge systems, the spreading direction on the Gakkel ridge is not oblique and the rift valley is not offset by major transform faults. Here we present seismic evidence for the presence of exceptionally thin crust along the Gakkel ridge rift valley with crustal thicknesses varying between 1.9 and 3.3 km (compared to the more usual value of 7 km found on medium- to fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges). Almost 8,300 km of closely spaced aeromagnetic profiles across the rift valley show the presence of discrete volcanic centres along the ridge, which we interpret as evidence for strongly focused, three-dimensional magma supply. The traces of these eruptive centres can be followed to crustal ages of approximately 25 Myr off-axis, implying that these magma production and transport systems have been stable over this timescale.     

Hydrological response to a seafloor spreading episode on the Juan de Fuca ridge

Seafloor hydrothermal systems are known to respond to seismic and magmatic activity along mid-ocean ridges, often resulting in locally positive changes in hydrothermal discharge rate, temperature and microbial activity, and shifts in composition occurring at the time of earthquake swarms and axial crustal dike injections. Corresponding regional effects have also been observed. Here we present observations of a hydrological response to seafloor spreading activity, which resulted in a negative formation-fluid pressure transient during and after an earthquake swarm in the sediment-sealed igneous crust of the Middle Valley rift of the northernmost Juan de Fuca ridge. The observations were made with a borehole seal and hydrologic observatory originally established in 1991 to study the steady-state pressure and temperature conditions in this hydrothermally active area. The magnitude of the co-seismic response is consistent with the elastic strain that would be expected from the associated earthquakes, but the prolonged negative pressure transient after the swarm is surprising and suggests net co-seismic dilatation of the upper, permeable igneous crust. The rift valley was visited four weeks after the onset of the seismic activity, but no signature of increased hydrothermal activity was detected in the water column. It appears that water, not magma, filled the void left by this spreading episode.     

冬季西太平洋副热带高压脊线位置异常与热带对流异常的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、射出长波辐射(OLR)资料,国家气候中心提供的1979~2008年1月西太副高脊线指数和逐日降水资料,对1月西太副高脊线位置与热带对流异常的关系进行了分析。结果表明,1月西太副高脊线位置与南海及菲律宾以东地区OLR场存在显著的负相关关系。进一步研究发现,副高脊线的南北位置异常是由于南海及菲律宾以东地区对流偏强(弱)造成这一区域出现异常的上升(下沉)运动;由于对流层高层(低层)南风距平的作用,在我国东南部的下沉运动增强(减弱);同时,在对流层的低(高)层出现了异常北风,从而构成了一个向北(南)的经向环流,有利于副高脊线的北抬(南退)。这种对流异常是造成2008年初我国南方超过1/3区域出现了50年一遇的低温、雨雪、冰冻灾害的间接原因之一。     

Abnormally large short term and impending earthquake geomagnetic anomaly implies a possibility of earthquake pre warning

The study found that strong magnetic anomalies repeatedly took place before big earthquakes. Based on geomagnetic record analysis results,we discussed a possible pattern of the magnetic anomalies prior to earthquake. In meizoseismal area or epicenter,in a time period of 36 h to about 10 min before earthquake,the exceptional big geomagnetic change increases with the magnitude of earthquake. We calculated that,in a place of 1 km from the epicenter,the magnetic anomaly before destructive earthquakes of Ms 6～9 can reach to 102～104 nT(the magnitude of earth magnetic field is 104 nT) ,rather than the magnitude of 10 nT from seismomagnetic effect theories since 1960s. From this we speculated the abnormal magnetic ULF near epicenter before earthquake seems to be an "intermittent magnetic eruption". Accordingly,we proposed that geomagnetic induction earthquake alarm can be a new pre-warning method to surmount hardship in solving the puzzledom of earthquake imminent prediction.     

鄂尔多斯盆地现今地应力测量及其在油气开发中的应用

油气田开发中实施水力压裂措施、部署和优化注采井网必须考虑现今地应力方向、大小及其分布规律.通过岩石声发射法、钻孔井臂崩落法、古地磁定向岩石差应变法以及岩石压缩等实验方法,测定了鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡区现今主应力大小和方向,并以吴旗探区为例,讨论了现今地应力在油气开发中的初步应用.认为伊陕斜坡区不同深度砂岩的现今最大水平主应力(δ1)值介于20.3～60.01MPa之间,与深度线性相关性好,相关系数=0.952;现今最大水平主应力方向为NE-NEE-近EW向,由盆地西南(西)向东北(东)方向逐步偏转变大.在现今应力状态下,吴旗探区中生界延长组长6储层NNE-NEE向裂缝系统在水力压裂过程中将首先启动张开并连通,最先形成有效主渗流通道,随着外界流体压力逐步增大,NW及NWW向裂缝系统可成为次级渗流通道;同时认为长61储层人工裂缝扩展方位约为NE-SW向,压裂缝为沿最大水平主应力方向延伸的垂直裂缝,且井孔相对稳定.     

Circulation in the South China Sea in summer of 1998

Based on the CTD and meteorological data obtained by R/VXiangyanghong No. 14 in the South China Sea (SCS) in the summer of 1998, both current velocity and volume transport are calculated by using a modified inverse model. Circulation in the SCS is analyzed by combining the calculated results with ADCP data. The following results are obtained, (i) The most important feature of the circulation in the northeastern SCS is that a branch of the Kuroshio intrudes into the SCS with a small volume transport. It flows anticyclonically through the Bashi Strait and towards the southwest off the Taiwan Island, and it does not intrude into the inner SCS. (ii) The northern SCS is dominated mainly by a cyclonic circulation system with two cold eddies, (iii) The central and southwestern SCSs are mainly occupied by anticyclonic circulation systems, including three anticyclonic and one stronger cyclonic eddies. (iv) In the southeastern SCS, there is a large scope of cyclonic circulation extending in the SW-NE direction, (v) There is a “multi-eddy phenomenon” in the SCS, and a larger eddy contains several small eddies. (vi) There is western intensifying of the currents and eddies in the SCS.