柴达木盆地德令哈拗陷中侏罗统烃源岩有机地球化学特征

柴达木盆地德令哈拗陷中侏罗统广泛发育,是该区主要的烃源岩层系.野外地质调查及有机地球化学分析表明,中侏罗统烃源岩主要以油页岩、泥岩、碳质泥岩和煤为主.油页岩有机碳的质量分数平均为7.95%,有机质类型属Ⅰ-Ⅱ型,为好生油岩;泥岩的有机质丰度交化大,但80%以上的样品有机碳的质量分数大于1%,65%样品的有机碳的质量分数...     

利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪研究南黄海气溶胶的变化特征

2012年11月在南黄海首次使用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)采集和分析两个平行航测断面上的气溶胶,以研究不同气团影响下海洋气溶胶的理化特征。断面1受从海到陆的海风及海洋气团影响,断面2则受从陆到海的陆风及陆地气团影响。结果表明,断面2的气溶胶颗粒数约为断面1的3.5倍,主要由陆地气团传输导致,其次是断面2的高风速影响。主要组分为SO_4~(2-),NO_3~-,NH_4~+,OC和EC气溶胶的颗粒数在断面1和2(断面2除NO_3~-外)上分别逐渐减少58%~74%和34%~53%,在断面1的减少量高于断面2。断面1和2上含量最高的分别是海盐气溶胶(30%)和二次气溶胶(42%)。二次气溶胶和其他人为源气溶胶(包括生物质燃烧、Soot-like气溶胶和含铅气溶胶)对两个断面的贡献显著,因此人为源对南黄海气溶胶的贡献不容忽视。     

Potential methane reservoirs beneath Antarctica

Once thought to be devoid of life, the ice-covered parts of Antarctica are now known to be a reservoir of metabolically active microbial cells and organic carbon. The potential for methanogenic archaea to support the degradation of organic carbon to methane beneath the ice, however, has not yet been evaluated. Large sedimentary basins containing marine sequences up to 14?kilometres thick and an estimated 21,000 petagrams (1?Pg equals 10(15)?g) of organic carbon are buried beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet. No data exist for rates of methanogenesis in sub-Antarctic marine sediments. Here we present experimental data from other subglacial environments that demonstrate the potential for overridden organic matter beneath glacial systems to produce methane. We also numerically simulate the accumulation of methane in Antarctic sedimentary basins using an established one-dimensional hydrate model and show that pressure/temperature conditions favour methane hydrate formation down to sediment depths of about 300?metres in West Antarctica and 700?metres in East Antarctica. Our results demonstrate the potential for methane hydrate accumulation in Antarctic sedimentary basins, where the total inventory depends on rates of organic carbon degradation and conditions at the ice-sheet bed. We calculate that the sub-Antarctic hydrate inventory could be of the same order of magnitude as that of recent estimates made for Arctic permafrost. Our findings suggest that the Antarctic Ice Sheet may be a neglected but important component of the global methane budget, with the potential to act as a positive feedback on climate warming during ice-sheet wastage.     

有机气溶胶对中国境内云凝结核数量的贡献研究

根据κ-K?hler理论, 利用2006年中国境内气溶胶浓度的数值模拟结果, 计算总体气溶胶活化为云凝结核的数浓度, 并评估有机气溶胶对云凝结核数量的贡献。中国境内云凝结核数浓度总体呈东部高西部低的分布, 这与东部受到更多人为源排放影响、气溶胶浓度高有关。假设气溶胶各类化学组分彼此外混合, 则各季节云凝结核数浓度为0.9×10³~1.2×10³ cm^-3, 有机气溶胶对云凝结核数量贡献全年平均为30%。假设气溶胶中有机组分彼此内混合并与其他组分外混合, 则各季节云凝结核数浓度为0.9×10³~1.1×10³cm^-3, 有机气溶胶对云凝结核数量的贡献全年平均28%。尽管有机气溶胶对云凝结核数量的年平均贡献相差不大, 但夏季和冬季的贡献有较大差异, 原因在于夏季有更多的二次有机气溶胶生成, 而冬季更多的是一次有机气溶胶排放。因此, 有机气溶胶是中国云凝结核的重要来源, 并且有机气溶胶的混合状态对云凝结核数量有很大的影响。     

Polysaccharide aggregation as a potential sink of marine dissolved organic carbon

The formation and sinking of biogenic particles mediate vertical mass fluxes and drive elemental cycling in the ocean. Whereas marine sciences have focused primarily on particle production by phytoplankton growth, particle formation by the assembly of organic macromolecules has almost been neglected. Here we show, by means of a combined experimental and modelling study, that the formation of polysaccharide particles is an important pathway to convert dissolved into particulate organic carbon during phytoplankton blooms, and can be described in terms of aggregation kinetics. Our findings suggest that aggregation processes in the ocean cascade from the molecular scale up to the size of fast-settling particles, and give new insights into the cycling and export of biogeochemical key elements such as carbon, iron and thorium.     

牛粪高温厌氧发酵过程中的流变特性及产气规律

为研究厌氧发酵过程中高浓度发酵原料流变特性的变化,使用HYND-50振动式在线黏度计测量初始总固体质量分数分别为8%和15%时牛粪高温厌氧发酵产沼气过程的流变特性,研究温度和厌氧消化时间对流变特性和产气规律的影响.结果表明:在相同升温范围内,初始总固体质量分数越大,牛粪的活化能越大,流动性越差.在厌氧发酵过程中,牛粪的表观黏度随厌氧消化时间减小,随初始总固体质量分数增加而增大;密度随厌氧消化时间先增大后减小,随初始总固体质量分数增加而增大.随着初始总固体质量分数的增大,牛粪的最大日产气量、累计产气量和累计产甲烷量升高,初始总固体质量分数为15%时的量分别是8%时的1.29、1.24和1.25倍.     

北京地区夏季PM10污染的数值模拟研究

利用三维区域空气质量模式CAMx,对北京地区夏季PM10浓度的时间变化规律和空间分布特征进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明,北京市城近郊区夏季的PM10具有明显的时空变化规律。一般在半夜前后和早晨常表现出较高的浓度;中午前后由于大气化学转化对二次气溶胶的生成贡献,在城市地区也会表现出一定的高浓度值;傍晚前后往往是一天中浓度最低的时段。PM10的空间分布与源排放关系密切,中午前后的空间分布会体现出光化学反应对其二次生成作用的影响。二次气溶胶在PM10中占有相当的份额,对于PM10中硫酸盐和硝酸盐的浓度变化,其中的二次组分起主要决定作用,而有机碳气溶胶以及PM10的浓度水平和变化规律则主要受一次成分的影响。     

百色地区下三叠统-泥盆系烃源岩有机地球化学特征及生烃潜力分析

百色盆地海相烃源岩主要为孤立台地和台间海槽碳酸盐岩.根据百色盆地周缘大量露头样品的残余有机碳含量、干酪根碳同位素、饱和烃色谱及色质等地球化学实验数据,分析了下三叠统-泥盆系海相烃源岩的有机质丰度、类型、热演化程度.针对地表烃源岩样品具有高热演化、低丰度的地化特征,在有机质丰度的热解损失和地表风化损失校正基础上,采用蒙特卡罗法模拟计算烃源岩生烃强度.在综合分析烃源岩地化特征和生烃强度的基础上,认为百色盆地下三叠统-泥盆系海相烃源岩具有低-中等级别的生烃能力.     

Uncovering the Neoproterozoic carbon cycle

Interpretations of major climatic and biological events in Earth history are, in large part, derived from the stable carbon isotope records of carbonate rocks and sedimentary organic matter. Neoproterozoic carbonate records contain unusual and large negative isotopic anomalies within long periods (10-100 million years) characterized by δ(13)C in carbonate (δ(13)C(carb)) enriched to more than +5 per mil. Classically, δ(13)C(carb) is interpreted as a metric of the relative fraction of carbon buried as organic matter in marine sediments, which can be linked to oxygen accumulation through the stoichiometry of primary production. If a change in the isotopic composition of marine dissolved inorganic carbon is responsible for these excursions, it is expected that records of δ(13)C(carb) and δ(13)C in organic carbon (δ(13)C(org)) will covary, offset by the fractionation imparted by primary production. The documentation of several Neoproterozoic δ(13)C(carb) excursions that are decoupled from δ(13)C(org), however, indicates that other mechanisms may account for these excursions. Here we present δ(13)C data from Mongolia, northwest Canada and Namibia that capture multiple large-amplitude (over 10 per mil) negative carbon isotope anomalies, and use these data in a new quantitative mixing model to examine the behaviour of the Neoproterozoic carbon cycle. We find that carbonate and organic carbon isotope data from Mongolia and Canada are tightly coupled through multiple δ(13)C(carb) excursions, quantitatively ruling out previously suggested alternative explanations, such as diagenesis or the presence and terminal oxidation of a large marine dissolved organic carbon reservoir. Our data from Namibia, which do not record isotopic covariance, can be explained by simple mixing with a detrital flux of organic matter. We thus interpret δ(13)C(carb) anomalies as recording a primary perturbation to the surface carbon cycle. This interpretation requires the revisiting of models linking drastic isotope excursions to deep ocean oxygenation and the opening of environments capable of supporting animals.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In situ</Emphasis> measurement of PM<Subscript>1</Subscript> organic aerosol in Beijing winter using a high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer

Organic aerosol (OA) is a crucial component of atmospheric fine particles. To achieve a better understanding of the chemical characteristics and sources of OA in Beijing, the size-resolved chemical composition of submicron aerosols were measured in-situ using a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer in the winter of 2010, with a high time resolution of 5 min. During this study, the mean OA mass concentration was 20.9±25.3 μg/m3, varying between 1.9 and 284.6 μg/m3. Elemental analysis showed that the average H/C, O/C and N/C (molar ratio) were 1.70, 0.17, and 0.005, respectively, corresponding to an OM/OC ratio (mass ratio of organic matter to organic carbon) of 1.37. The average mass-based size distributions of OA present a promi- nent accumulation mode peaking at approximately 450 nm. The prominent presence of ultrafine particles (Dva < 100 nm) was mainly from the fresh emissions of combustion sources. A Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF) analysis of the organic mass spectral dataset differentiated the OA into three components, including hydrocarbon-like (HOA), cooking-related (COA), and oxygenated (OOA) organic aerosols, which, on average, accounted for 26.9%, 49.7% and 23.4%, respectively, of the total organic mass. The HOA and COA likely corresponded to primary organic aerosol (POA) associated with combustion-related and cooking emissions, respectively, and the OOA components corresponded to aged secondary organic aerosol (SOA).     

泥质烃源岩密度分组及有机质赋存类型初探

选取济阳坳陷沙河街组深湖相暗色泥岩为研究对象,通过不同密度ZnBr2重液浮选,将样品分离成多个密度组分,对各组分检测透射光、荧光、X光衍射等,揭示不同组分有机质赋存类型的差异性.分析结果表明,①组分(密度ρ<1.6g.cm-3)以颗粒有机质为主,有机质与矿物无明显紧密结合关系;②,③组分(1.6g.cm-3<ρ<2.2g.cm-3,ρ>2.2g.cm-3)多见无定形有机质分散于细粒矿物相中,呈橙黄-亮黄色荧光,反映有机质与矿物颗粒紧密共生的赋存特征.进一步对不同密度组分有机质分配的研究表明,①组分结合了烃源岩总有机质质量不到1%;②,③组分结合了烃源岩中90%以上质量的有机质.这反映了有机质和矿物颗粒共生的赋存形式在有机质保存中不可忽视的重要地位.     

Multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry quantifies stem cell division and metabolism

Mass spectrometry with stable isotope labels has been seminal in discovering the dynamic state of living matter, but is limited to bulk tissues or cells. We developed multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry (MIMS) that allowed us to view and measure stable isotope incorporation with submicrometre resolution. Here we apply MIMS to diverse organisms, including Drosophila, mice and humans. We test the 'immortal strand hypothesis', which predicts that during asymmetric stem cell division chromosomes containing older template DNA are segregated to the daughter destined to remain a stem cell, thus insuring lifetime genetic stability. After labelling mice with (15)N-thymidine from gestation until post-natal week 8, we find no (15)N label retention by dividing small intestinal crypt cells after a four-week chase. In adult mice administered (15)N-thymidine pulse-chase, we find that proliferating crypt cells dilute the (15)N label, consistent with random strand segregation. We demonstrate the broad utility of MIMS with proof-of-principle studies of lipid turnover in Drosophila and translation to the human haematopoietic system. These studies show that MIMS provides high-resolution quantification of stable isotope labels that cannot be obtained using other techniques and that is broadly applicable to biological and medical research.     

野生蕨菜产地土壤微团聚体质量分数与养分因子关系研究

以野生蕨菜产地中d＜0．25mm的土壤微团聚体质量分数为依变量，以有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾为自变量进行了通径分析，结果表明：对d＜0．25mm土壤微团聚体质量分数有正效应的主要因子为速效磷，其次为速效氮和有机质；有负效应的主要因子为全磷，其次全钾．     

Massive dissociation of gas hydrate during a Jurassic oceanic anoxic event

In the Jurassic period, the Early Toarcian oceanic anoxic event (about 183 million years ago) is associated with exceptionally high rates of organic-carbon burial, high palaeotemperatures and significant mass extinction. Heavy carbon-isotope compositions in rocks and fossils of this age have been linked to the global burial of organic carbon, which is isotopically light. In contrast, examples of light carbon-isotope values from marine organic matter of Early Toarcian age have been explained principally in terms of localized upwelling of bottom water enriched in 12C versus 13C (refs 1,2,5,6). Here, however, we report carbon-isotope analyses of fossil wood which demonstrate that isotopically light carbon dominated all the upper oceanic, biospheric and atmospheric carbon reservoirs, and that this occurred despite the enhanced burial of organic carbon. We propose that--as has been suggested for the Late Palaeocene thermal maximum, some 55 million years ago--the observed patterns were produced by voluminous and extremely rapid release of methane from gas hydrate contained in marine continental-margin sediments.     

大洋缺氧事件的碳稳定同位素响应

从碳稳定同位素组成及其分馏机理出发 ,系统探讨了大洋缺氧事件与海相碳酸盐和有机碳稳定同位素分馏之间的关系。缺氧事件期间 ,由于生物大批死亡和快速埋藏 ,其分解消耗海水中大量的溶解氧 ,引起大洋水体缺氧 ,富含 1 2 C的有机质从而得以大量保存 ;相应地大气和海水中富 1 3 C,同期海相碳酸盐岩碳同位素 δ值 (δ1 3C)正偏。在世界各地缺氧事件层内 ,无一例外地碳酸盐岩碳稳定同位素出现了不同程度的正偏 ,Cenomanian- Turonian 界线偏幅达～2‰。海相碳酸盐与有机质碳稳定同位素变化不仅可以提供地质历史中有机碳埋藏量的记录。研究全球碳循环变化 ,还可能追溯有机碳风化和埋藏速率的变化 ,定性地恢复大气 p CO2 变化。     

不同去矿化方式对油页岩干馏特性的影响

我国有丰富的油页岩资源,而油页岩中含有大量无机矿物质,不利于页岩油的干馏提取。利用HCl、HF、胶质芽孢杆菌分别对油页岩进行去矿化处理。对不同样品基本性质研究表明,三种方式均可有效去除无机矿质、增加比表面积、富集有机组分。铝甑干馏实验表明微生物处理样品效果最显著,可将产油率由5.4%升高至6.9%,并且绝对产量增加了5.9%,有利于低品位油页岩的开发利用;而HF会破坏有机物,导致气损量增加,不利干馏提取页岩油。油页岩干馏特性的研究表明,由于去矿化作用,油页岩比表面积增大,降低干馏终温温度15℃,降低干馏保温时间6min,有利于在油页岩开发利用中降低能耗。这些结果表明微生物去矿化作用在实际生产过程中将会是一个主要的油页岩预处理方式,有很大的发展空间。     

类土壤地表颗粒稳态输运的风洞实验研究

通过风洞实验研究了由细沙粒和粗粉粒组成的类土壤颗粒的风力输运过程，实验发现沙粒的质量流量廓线与粉粒的质量流量廓线形式完全不同，在对数一线性坐标中沙粒廓线为直线而粉粒廓线呈3次曲线型，发现粉粒的存在对沙粒的质量流量廓线斜率没有影响，只是改变了沙粒的总输沙率，根据粉粒对沙粒输运特性影响的不同，粉粒质量分数存在一临界值，对于本实验中所用材料此临界值为15％，在低于此临界值时，输沙率随粉粒的质量分数的增大而增大；当高于此临界值后，输沙率随粉粒的质量分数的增大而减小，实验中沙波纹的高度和波长随风速及粉粒的质量分数的增大而增大，而当粉粒的质量分数超过15％时沙波纹消失。     

湘中拗陷泥盆-石炭系海相泥页岩地球化学特征及等温吸附性能

利用湘中地区泥盆-石炭系野外剖面泥页岩有机地球化学参数及泥页岩等温吸附特征参数,评价页岩气富集的关键地质参数特征。海相泥页岩有机地球化学参数表明,其有机碳含量高,泥盆系泥页岩有机质类型为Ⅰ—Ⅱ1型,石炭系大塘阶测水段为Ⅱ1—Ⅲ型;泥盆—石炭系有机质的成熟度高,基本都达到高成熟—过成熟阶段。泥页岩等温吸附曲线表明,泥页岩吸附容量较大。这些参数表明,湘中拗陷页岩气的基础地质条件好,具备页岩气富集成藏的地化条件,泥盆系棋梓桥组、佘田桥组及石炭系大塘阶测水段3套海相泥页岩厚度大、分布范围广、有机质丰度高。     

MSA in Beijing aerosol

Methane sulphonate (MSA) and sulfate (SO4^2-),the main oxidation products of dirnethyl sulfide (DMS), arethe target of atmospheric chemistry study, as sulfate aerosolwould have important impact on the global climate change. It is widely believed that DMS is rnainly emitted from phyto-plankton production in marine boundary layer (MBL), andMSA is usually used as the tracer of non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO4^2-) in marine and coastal areas/MSA/SO4^2- = 1/18) Manyobservations of MSA were in marine and coastal aerosols. Toour surprise, MSA was frequently (＞60%) deteeted in BeijingTSP. PM10, and PM2.5 aerosols, even in the samples collectedduring the dust storm period. The concentrations of MSAwere higher than those measured in marine aerosols. Factoranalysis, correlation analysis and meteorology analysis indi-cated that there was no obvious marine influence on Beljiagaerosols. DMS from terrestrial emissions and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) from industrial wastes could be the twopossible precursors of MSA. Warm and low-pressure airmasses and long time radiation were beneficial to the forma-tion of MSA. Anthropogenlc pollution from regional andlocal sources might be the dominant contributor to MSA inBeijing aerosol. This was the first report of MSA in aerosolscollected in an inland site in China. This new finding wouldlead to the further study on the balance af sulfur in inlandcities and its global bingcoehemical cycle.     

不同分散剂对水热法制备氧化锆颗粒分散性的影响

研究利用氯氧化锆和氨水作为原料水热法制备氧化锆微粉的方法。对分散剂种类及分散剂量对氧化锆微粉分散性影响进行了讨论,应用扫描电子显微镜和粒度分布仪对获得的氧化锆粉体进行分析。结果显示：加入聚乙二醇6000时,二氧化锆在水中分散性最好;采用1.150%聚乙二醇作为分散剂时,可获得在水中分散性较好的氧化锆粉末;相同质量分数的分散剂,分散效果较好的排序是：有机高聚物〉无机电解质〉阴离子表面活性剂〉有机物异丙醇。