从系统方法论看多准则决策的软化

系统方法论与决策范式之间存在对应关系。从系统方法论看,多准则决策属于硬系统方法论,但回顾其发展历程,却能发现其软化的趋势,它已具备了软系统方法论的某些哲学理念和特点,但又与软系统方法论有本质的不同。面对人类活动系统的管理复杂性,硬系统方法论与软系统方法论具有互补性,从多准则决策走向复杂决策,需要软系统方法论的补充。     

对软系统方法论的一点思考

首先分析了切克兰德的系统思想及其在软系统方法论逻辑步骤中的体现以及软系统方法论建模的关键;然后在此基础上,提出了切氏软系统方法论主要是处理硬人类活动系统问题的方法论的观点;最后给出了处理软人类活动系统问题的利益协调软系统方法论的设想。     

管理信息大系统分析与设计的一个新方法

本文将ＣｈｅｃｋｌａｎｄＰ．Ｂ．的软系统方法论与ＨａｌＡ．Ｄ．的硬系统方法论有机结合起来，提出一种管理信息大系统的“软系统分析／硬系统设计”方法，同时通过一个地方政府宏观经济管理信息系统的实践说明方法的应用．     

系统方法论研究的现状分析与展望

对目前系统方法论的研究进行分类：硬系统方法论、软系统方法论和批评性系统方法论，分析了不同系统方法的哲学思想、方法步骤及其局限性，探讨了未来系统方法论发展的形式。     

系统方法论的发展及其内在动因分析

在分析“硬”、“软”两类系统方法论建立特点的基础上,探讨了多系统方法论兴起的背景以及整合类系统方法论对上述两类系统方法论提升。指出这种提升的内在动因有3个:复杂性认知动因、系统思想发展的认知动因和文化认知动因,从而为认识新系统方法论提供新的视角,并为理解目前系统方法论的快速发展原因提供了一种解释。     

一般系统方法论研究

在分析Ｃｈｅｃｋｌａｎｄ软系统方法论的局限性的基础上，本文提出了一般系统方法论（ＧＳＭ）．ＧＳＭ包括了软系统方法论与Ｈａｌｌ硬系统方法论的全部内容，井扩展到问题的发现与形成阶段，揭示出这三部分之间的逻辑联系，从而完善了系统问题从感知到解决的全部可能的逻辑思维过程．     

中国梦思想的系统哲学阐释

在现代科学整体化和高度综合化发展趋势下,用系统哲学来阐释中国梦思想的深刻内涵,能为当代中国经济社会发展提供科学的方法论基础。     

钱学森指导我们进行复杂性哲学探索

本文系统地回顾了几十年来在钱学森关心与指导下,如何从系统论、信息论、控制论、耗散结构理论、协同学、超循环理论等九门系统理论中提炼出一种新的方法论形态———系统科学方法论,系统观以及系统科学哲学———系统论,作为系统科学沟通马克思主义哲学的桥梁的历史进程。阐述了这种系统复杂性理论与方法对北京、哈尔滨等十个省、市、地区的科学、技术与社会协调发展规划的指导。     

复杂性研究的现状与展望

对复杂性研究从五个方面进行了论述：历史回顾，现状概述，学派评介，几点认识，哲学回响。讨论了复杂性研究与系统科学的关系，重点强调复杂性研究要求的方法论变革，呼呈哲学界对这一科学化思潮作出必要的回位。     

斑杂破碎的世界还是系统层次的世界——简评新经验主义和简述系统实在论(二)

本文对英美科学哲学中的以南茜·卡特赖特为代表的史坦福学派新经验主义提出批评、剖析和讨论,认为南茜否定基本物理定律的普遍性的观点以及她的"斑杂破碎的世界"是对一般科学方法论和系统科学方法论的一种d颠覆性的论证。清华大学吴彤教授根据新经验主义提出的《破碎的系统观》是我国系统哲学的一种新见解,也是很有启发性和颠覆性的,无论你赞成还是反对,都值得我们认真研究和讨论。本文认为系统科学的发展实际上已经正面解决了"南茜的质疑"。系统科学哲学研究的关键问题在于采取跨学科研究方法,具体地研究不同类型的系统。当今的主攻方向是要研究复杂系统的普遍规律及其突现行为,并用于解决我国开放改革遇到的各种全局性和局域性问题。世界是有系统的和有规律性的而不是斑杂破碎和无规的。     

A Framework of Value-Focused Systems Thinking

Values and value judgments should be tackled explicitly and directly in theory and practice. To do so, systems intervention as a communication process has to be designed in pursuit of the systemic and critical cause. This paper proposes a framework of value-focused systems thinking. The interdependence of values and techniques, and the theory of communicative competence, are briefly discussed as philosophical underpinnings. A methodology is outlined consisting of a reconstruction, judgment, and action cycle revolving around communication design.     

Soft System Dynamics Methodology in Action: A study of the Problem of Citizen Insecurity in an Argentinean Province

This paper illustrates an application of soft system dynamics methodology (SSDM). SSDM arose as a fusion of two well-known methodologies in the systems movement: system dynamics (SD) and soft systems methodology (SSM). SSDM includes 10 steps to orchestrate and implant change in social systems, based on a multimethodological and multiparadigmatic approach as an outcome of the combination of the mentioned methodologies. After a brief introduction, the paper starts by briefly explaining SSM and SD, their stages and their problematical issues as systemic methodologies, then goes on to explain SSDM, its philosophical roots and stages, ending with a comparison among the three. It then introduces the citizen insecurity problem in Argentina, specifically in Mendoza Province, where SSDM was applied to analyze this issue. The paper concludes with an explanation of the learning points that arose from the use of SSDM in this study and suggestions for further research on citizen security and SSDM.     

Reconciling Effectiveness and Equity in Performance Management: A Stakeholder Synthesis Approach to Organizational Systems Design

Complex organizational systems have been studied using hard and soft epistemologies and each has contributed to understanding based on its logic of enquiry. However, both fail to engage fully with systems in their context and are increasingly recognized as such by researchers and practitioners. This paper reviews the epistemological debate and proposes that accommodation between quantitative and qualitative disciplines is both possible and appropriate. A case study of performance management systems demonstrates the synergistic benefits of integration within a mode of organizational enquiry based on stakeholder analysis and soft systems methodology. This enables the development of a stakeholder systems model of performance management that incorporates stakeholder consensus, organizational justice, and system effectiveness considerations.     

A Systems Study for a European Community Program on Inspection and Accreditation of Blood Collection Establishments

This paper reports on an action research study for the development of a common program on inspection and accreditation of blood collection establishments in the European Union member states. Using soft systems methodology to guide the study, we have developed the systems required and arrived at the actions that are necessary to realize and maintain them.     

Total systems intervention: A practical face to critical systems thinking

This is the first exposition of a new methodology (or perhaps meta-methodology) for systems practice known as Total Systems Intervention (TSI). Designed to overcome the weaknesses of hard, cybernetic, and soft systems approaches and build on their strengths, TSI represents a practical face of critical systems thinking. It advocates combining three building blocks-systems metaphors, system of systems methodologies, and individual systems methodologies—in an interactive manner which is deemed to be particularly powerful and fruitful. In this paper the philosophy, principles, and phases of the TSI methodology are set out and two very different examples of its use are provided.     

An Idea Ahead of Its Time: The History and Development of Soft Systems Methodology

This paper, part of the Festschrift for Peter Checkland, provides an outline of the history and development of soft systems methodology. It includes a personal reflection on my experiences of SSM, as well as a more objective evaluation of its achievements and limitations.     

A Model for Design of Human Activity Systems

A background is given to the common failures of management information systems and the authors' view of the causes behind these failures. There seems to be a lack of effective methods for analyzing information requirements. Different scientific methods are discussed as to their propensity for analyzing the information requirements. The importance of the systems design approach instead of the system improvement approach is emphasized. The concept of Human Activity Systems is discussed and an analysis of the interdependence of the soft and hard parts of these systems indicates that an integrated view is necessary. A methodology based on a systemic and systematic analysis of the information requirements in an organization is proposed. This methodology focuses the settings of the decisions on all levels in organizations and also indicates organizational discrepancies and information imbalances. The methodology can be regarded as a dynamic, learning system.