五个生成环氧乙烷的反应的热力学预测(英文)

运用密度泛函方法B3LYP/6-311+G(2df,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d)对文献[1]提出的Titan大气中可能生成环氧乙烷的五个反应在不同的温度和压强条件下进行了热力学计算和分析,发现:a)所有反应的反应焓变和吉布斯自由能变都小于零,反应都是放热反应,具有较大的自发反应趋势;在低温下反应的平衡常数很大,数据显示反应在低温下正向进行的自发反应趋势更大。b)对比生成环氧乙烷的同素异构体:乙醛和乙烯醇的计算结果,可以预测到在Titan大气的低温环境中自然合成环氧乙烷是很有可能的.     

Titan大气中可能生成NH3的几个反应的量子力学计算

运用耦合簇理论CCSD方法和全组态CBS-Q理论对文献（Planet Space Sci，2003，51：1003-1011．）提出的Titan大气中可能生成NH3的6个链式反应进行了热化学计算和分析．发现：（a）反应（4）-（6）在Titan环境中反应能够正向进行，具有较大的自发反应趋势，反应（2）和（3）不具有反应自发性，在低温下自发反应可能性更低；（b）反应（2）的转变温度为955．14K，高于这个温度反应才有可能正向进行；（c）可以认为这6个链式反应在Titan大气的低温环境中自然合成NH3是不太可能的；（d）耦合簇理论CCSD方法和全组态CBS-Q理论的计算结果相吻合，互相印证了结论的可靠性．     

N~++H_2→NH~++H反应机理的热力学研究

应用量子化学耦合簇理论CCSD和MP2方法对文[1]提出的Titan大气中可能生成NH3的链式反应中第二个反应:N++H2→NH++H进行了热力学计算以及反应机理的分析研究.发现:(a)反应在Titan环境中不具有反应自发性,其转变温度为1797.6K,高于这个温度反应才有可能自发正向进行;(b)此反应的过渡态为线形,正反应活化能为118.833kJ.mol-1,在不同温度下,尤其是低温下反应的平衡常数很小;(c)由于此反应存在高的反应势垒,可以认为这6个链式反应不是在Titan大气的低温环境中自然合成N     

NH3.(H2O)体系中氢键的理论计算

用量子化学密度泛函理论方法研究了NH3*(H2O)体系中氢键特征,计算了不同基组条件下NH3*(H2O)体系中氢键的键长,同时在Gaussian-3(G3)水平上计算了NH3*(H2O)体系中氢键的键能和成键特征,得到NH3*(H2O)体系中生成氢键有两种构象.     

磷杂硫烯酮及相关分子的结构和气相酸性的理论研究

使用Gaussian-98量子化学计算程序包中的HF法、密度泛理论(B3LYP)和MP2法．在6-311 G(d．p)和AUG-CC-PVTZ基组水平下，对磷杂硫烯酮及其相关分子进行了全优化几何构型的量子化学计算．计算结果表明：磷杂硫烯酮为累积双烯结构，其异构体有C≡P三键，二者的去质子负离子为累积双烯结构，中性分子和相关负离子都具有弯曲几何构型．计算的气相酸性表明；磷杂硫烯酮比异构体(Ⅱ)较难去质子化．     

原位反应Al-Cu复合材料的反应机理分析

借助X射线衍射和扫描电镜对铝熔体中生成Al2O3的原位反应进行热力学和动力学分析。结果表明；在大气，低温条件下，CuO与铝反应能生成δ－Al2O3,δ-Al2O3颗粒在基体合金中能均匀分布，大小在3－5μm;CuO与铝反应的热力学分析认为反应是可以自发进行的；利用宏观反应动力学理论，提出微粒模型，认为主要影响反应速度的因素是铝液的CuO微粒接触时的浓度，微粒的内部结构，表面积与其体积之比，微粒的形状系数等。     

CF_3C(O)F解离和异构化反应的热力学和动力学理论研究

用统计热力学方法和过渡态理论计算了ＣＦ３Ｃ（Ｏ）Ｆ解离反应的热力学和动力学函数及其随温度的变化．结果表明，低温下ＣＦ３Ｃ（Ｏ）Ｆ不会由解离反应而消耗；高温下自发并有一定的解离速率．另外，计算了重要反应物种的定容摩尔热容并做了多元线性拟合．     

3,6-二氯水杨酸合成反应热力学性质的计算化学分析

利用密度泛函理论（DFT）的B3LYP方法对Kolbe-Sclamitt羧化法合成3,6-二氯水杨酸进行了热力学分析,在6-311++g（3df,3pd）水平上优化计算了反应物与产物的几何构型与电子分布,经振动频率分析后计算了反应温度300～600 K下各物质的总能量与热力学参数,得到了主副反应的焓变、吉布斯自由能变以及平衡常数。结果表明,Kolbe-Schmitt主副反应均为放热反应,主反应在低温低压下不能自发进行,而副反应在常压下就可进行,在热力学上是完全可行的。平衡常数的分析表明反应为可逆反应,CO₂压力的增加有利于平衡的正向移动,而副反应生成的2,5-二氯苯酚则导致平衡逆向进行。     

HCO自由基与HO2自由基反应机理的理论研究

用密度泛函理论（DFT）的B3LYP方法，在6-311＋＋G（d，p）基组水平下研究了HCO自由基与HO2自由基反应的微观机理，全参数优化了反应过程中各反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物的几何构型，在G3水平上计算了各反应驻点的能量．振动分析和内禀反应坐标（IRC）计算的结果都证实了中间体和过渡态的真实性．研究结果表明，HCO自由基与HO2自由基反应为多通道多步反应过程，其主要通道是生成声物HCHO与O2的反应途径．     

F2＋2HCl=2HF＋C12反应机理的密度泛函理论（DFT）研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法，在6-3l1G^**基组下，计算研究了反应F2 2HCl=2HF Cl2的机理。求得各可能反应途径的系列过渡态，并通过振动分析和内禀反应坐标(IRC)分析加以证实。比较反应能垒(理论计算活化能)发现，题称反应若以分子与分子作用机理进行，则需克服的最大能垒为l50．63kJ／mol；若以F2分子先裂解为F原子再反应的机理进行，则需越过能垒154．82kJ／mol。求得反应F HCl→HF Cl的线形和三角形两种过渡态，以三角形较稳定；求得反应HCl Cl→H Cl2的两种过渡态，以线形较稳定。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the