FcRn-mediated antibody transport across epithelial cells revealed by electron tomography

The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) transports maternal IgG across epithelial barriers, thereby providing the fetus or newborn with humoral immunity before its immune system is fully functional. In newborn rats, FcRn transfers IgG from milk to blood by apical-to-basolateral transcytosis across intestinal epithelial cells. The pH difference between the apical (pH 6.0-6.5) and basolateral (pH 7.4) sides of intestinal epithelial cells facilitates the efficient unidirectional transport of IgG, because FcRn binds IgG at pH 6.0-6.5 but not at pH 7 or more. As milk passes through the neonatal intestine, maternal IgG is removed by FcRn-expressing cells in the proximal small intestine (duodenum and jejunum); remaining proteins are absorbed and degraded by FcRn-negative cells in the distal small intestine (ileum). Here we use electron tomography to make jejunal transcytosis visible directly in space and time, developing new labelling and detection methods to map individual nanogold-labelled Fc within transport vesicles and simultaneously to characterize these vesicles by immunolabelling. Combining electron tomography with a non-perturbing endocytic label allowed us to conclusively identify receptor-bound ligands, resolve interconnecting vesicles, determine whether a vesicle was microtubule-associated, and accurately trace FcRn-mediated transport of IgG. Our results present a complex picture in which Fc moves through networks of entangled tubular and irregular vesicles, only some of which are microtubule-associated, as it migrates to the basolateral surface. New features of transcytosis are elucidated, including transport involving multivesicular body inner vesicles/tubules and exocytosis through clathrin-coated pits. Markers for early, late and recycling endosomes each labelled vesicles in different and overlapping morphological classes, revealing spatial complexity in endo-lysosomal trafficking.     

基于推进能耗运输效率发展趋势的定量分析

船舶营运需要消耗大量的能源,而能源消耗不仅增加了企业的成本支出,而且会增加对环境的污染.船舶营运效率的提高会节约能源,大大降低成本和缓解环境污染,而船舶营运效率的提高涉及船舶能耗、航速、主机功率等诸多方面.分析劳氏从1970年至2005年三十多年间三种商用船型的统计数据,运用定量分析的方法来阐述船舶运输效率的发展趋势.     

Evidence for mantle metasomatism by hydrous silicic melts derived from subducted oceanic crust

The low concentrations of niobium, tantalum and titanium observed in island-arc basalts are thought to result from modification of the sub-arc mantle by a metasomatic agent, deficient in these elements, that originates from within the subducted oceanic crust. Whether this agent is an hydrous fluid or a silica-rich melt has been discussed using mainly a trace-element approach and related to variable thermal regimes of subduction zones. Melting of basalt in the absence of fluid both requires high temperatures and yields melt compositions unlike those found in most modern or Mesozoic island arcs. Thus, metasomatism by fluids has been thought to be the most common situation. Here, however, we show that the melting of basalt under both H2O-added and low-temperature conditions can yield extremely alkali-rich silicic liquids, the alkali content of which increases with pressure. These liquids are deficient in titanium and in the elements niobium and tantalum and are virtually identical to glasses preserved in mantle xenoliths found in subduction zones and to veins found in exhumed metamorphic terranes of fossil convergent zones. We also found that the interaction between such liquids and mantle olivine produces modal mineralogies that are identical to those observed in metasomatized Alpine-type peridotites. We therefore suggest that mantle metasomatism by slab-derived melt is a more common process than previously thought.     

电子直线加速器的感生放射性计算方法

为了选择一个合理而相对准确的计算电子直线加速器的感生放射性的方法,分析了的点源近似法、径迹长度法、吸收功率法、 Monte Carlo模拟法的优缺点.对IAEA188号报告中一标准算例,用这4种方法进行饱和放射性活度As的计算,并对结果进行比较.分析表明, Monte Carlo模拟法考虑反应完全,可同时计算直接和间接感生放射性,计算步骤简单,结果准确,是4种计算方法中最好的.用Monte Carlo法计算了30 MeV以内电子直线加速器中钨靶的As; 并给出在钨靶中As的空间分布.结果表明,随钨靶厚度及入射电子束能量的增加, As增加.这些结果有利于今后感生放射性研究.     

基于用于推进的功率定量分析运输效率的发展趋势(英文)

基于Nakazawa教授提供的有关20世纪70年代到2008年相关船舶数据,对船舶特定输出功率(SOP)进行定量分析,探讨船舶运输效率的发展趋势和制约因素.     

浅海波导赫姆霍茨方程外问题多尺度有限元法

研究了二维多尺度海洋波导中声波与散射体相互作用的问题.将海洋波导中散射体的声散射问题分解为两个外问题和一个内问题进行求解,外问题和内问题的解通过在人工边界上的DtN映射耦合,建立了相应的DtN映射.通过DtN映射,把赫姆霍茨方程在无限长带状区域中的定解问题,转化为在一个有限区域中的定解问题.基于伽辽金变分和DtN映射方法,发展了数值求解这类声散射问题的一种多尺度有限元求解方法,提出了有效的数值实现手段.数值计算结果表明了所建立的有限元理论方法是有效和实用的,而且它的数值实现是很快速的.     

Active transport of Ca2+ by an artificial photosynthetic membrane

Transport of calcium ions across membranes and against a thermodynamic gradient is essential to many biological processes, including muscle contraction, the citric acid cycle, glycogen metabolism, release of neurotransmitters, vision, biological signal transduction and immune response. Synthetic systems that transport metal ions across lipid or liquid membranes are well known, and in some cases light has been used to facilitate transport. Typically, a carrier molecule located in a symmetric membrane binds the ion from aqueous solution on one side and releases it on the other. The thermodynamic driving force is provided by an ion concentration difference between the two aqueous solutions, coupling to such a gradient in an auxiliary species, or photomodulation of the carrier by an asymmetric photon flux. Here we report a different approach, in which active transport is driven not by concentration gradients, but by light-induced electron transfer in a photoactive molecule that is asymmetrically disposed across a lipid bilayer. The system comprises a synthetic, light-driven transmembrane Ca2+ pump based on a redox-sensitive, lipophilic Ca2+-binding shuttle molecule whose function is powered by an intramembrane artificial photosynthetic reaction centre. The resulting structure transports calcium ions across the bilayer of a liposome to develop both a calcium ion concentration gradient and a membrane potential, expanding Mitchell's concept of a redox loop mechanism for protons to include divalent cations. Although the quantum yield is relatively low (approximately 1 per cent), the Ca2+ electrochemical potential developed is significant.     

相对论情况下N-U方法求解电磁场中运动粒子的Dirac方程的束缚态

在相对论情况下,通过N-U方法求解电磁场中运动粒子的Dirac方程的束缚态解,并给出相应的束缚态能谱和相对论性的波函数.所得的结果与其他方法一致.     

Inhibition of mitosis by an antibody to the mitotic calcium transport system

Calcium ions are important in the regulation of mitotic apparatus assembly and in the control of chromosome movement. Changes in intracellular free calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i are achieved by an intracellular calcium-transport system which is highly conserved in different cell types. A membrane-bound protein of relative molecular mass (Mr) 46,000 (46K) is part of this transport system and has been implicated in the regulation of the [Ca2+]i changes associated with the course of mitosis. A monoclonal antibody against this 46K protein inhibits Ca2+-uptake into isolated Ca2+-sequestering membranes and specifically labels membranes associated with the mitotic apparatus of sea urchin embryos. Here we investigate the relationship between the intracellular calcium transport system and mitosis by injection of this monoclonal antibody into living mitotic sea urchin embryos. We find that after injection the intracellular free calcium increases up to 10(-6) M, the mitotic apparatus is rapidly destroyed and the cell is irreversibly blocked in its development.     

Structural architecture of an outer membrane channel as determined by electron crystallography.

Porins are a family of membrane channels commonly found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria where they serve as diffusional pathways for waste products, nutrients and antibiotics, and can also be receptors for bacteriophages. Porin channels have been shown in vitro to be voltage-gated. They can exhibit slight selectivities for certain solutes; for example PhoE porin has some selectivity for anionic and phosphate-containing compounds. Unlike many known membrane proteins which often contain long stretches of hydrophobic segments that are believed to traverse the membrane in a helical conformation, porins are found to have charged residues distributed almost uniformly along their primary sequences and have most of their secondary structure in a beta-sheet conformation. We have made crystalline patches of PhoE porin embedded in a lipid bilayer and have used these to determine the structure of PhoE porin by electron crystallography to a resolution of 6A. The basic structure consists of a trimer of elliptically shaped, cylindrical walls of beta sheet. Each cylinder has an inner lining, formed by parts of the polypeptide, that defines the channel size. The structure provides a clue as to how deletions of segments of polypeptide, which are found in certain mutants, can result in an actual increase in the channel size.     

Force generation of organelle transport measured in vivo by an infrared laser trap

Organelle transport along microtubules is believed to be mediated by organelle-associated force-generating molecules. Two classes of microtubule-based organelle motors have been identified: kinesin and cytoplasmic dynein. To correlate the mechanochemical basis of force generation with the in vivo behaviour of organelles, it is important to quantify the force needed to propel an organelle along microtubules and to determine the force generated by a single motor molecule. Measurements of force generation are possible under selected conditions in vitro, but are much more difficult using intact or reactivated cells. Here we combine a useful model system for the study of organelle transport, the giant amoeba Reticulomyxa, with a novel technique for the non-invasive manipulation of and force application to subcellular components, which is based on a gradient-force optical trap, also referred to as 'optical tweezers'. We demonstrate the feasibility of using controlled manipulation of actively translocating organelles to measure direct force. We have determined the force driving a single organelle along microtubules, allowing us to estimate the force generated by a single motor to be 2.6 x 10(-7) dynes.     

船舶运输效率的发展趋势

基于Nakazawa教授提供的有关20世纪70年代至2008年的液化气船、油船、集装箱船的船舶数据,利用K-G曲线对船舶特定输出功率(SOP)进行定量分析,浅析船舶运输效率的发展趋势和制约因素.     

Design of a compact C-band high brightness photoinjector for an ultra-fast electron diffraction

A compact C-band high brightness photoinjector for ultra-fast electron diffraction （UED） is under development at Tsinghua Uni- versity. The C-band photoinjector, operating at 5.172 GHz, uses a 1.45-cell C-band RF gun as the electron source. The design of the RF gun has addressed the physics, beam dynamics and mechanical aspects, and based on these design studies, a prototype has been fabricated. In order to obtain optimized performance for the UED, beam dynamics simulation has been carried out using the particle tracking code Astra for the photoinjector consisting of an alternative multi-cell RF gun design and a C-band compressor downstream. The beam dynamics parameters that are optimized include the bunch length, peak current, horizontal emittance, and position of the minimum bunch length.     

电动公交车车用无刷直流电机控制器的设计

应用MC33035、MC33039、IGBT专用驱动模块2ED300C17-S、IGBT功率模块FF450R12IE4以及带有CAN(controllers area network)接口的PIC18F458单片机构成360 V无刷直流电机闭环调速控制与通信系统,该电机控制器能够实现对120 kW无刷直流电机的闭环控制,具有过电流、欠压、过热等保护功能.另外,还提出了CAN总线通信方案.     

Structural mechanism for sterol sensing and transport by OSBP-related proteins

The oxysterol-binding-protein (OSBP)-related proteins (ORPs) are conserved from yeast to humans, and are implicated in the regulation of sterol homeostasis and in signal transduction pathways. Here we report the structure of the full-length yeast ORP Osh4 (also known as Kes1) at 1.5-1.9 A resolution in complexes with ergosterol, cholesterol, and 7-, 20- and 25-hydroxycholesterol. We find that a single sterol molecule binds within a hydrophobic tunnel in a manner consistent with a transport function for ORPs. The entrance is blocked by a flexible amino-terminal lid and surrounded by basic residues that are critical for Osh4 function. The structure of the open state of a lid-truncated form of Osh4 was determined at 2.5 A resolution. Structural analysis and limited proteolysis show that sterol binding closes the lid and stabilizes a conformation favouring transport across aqueous barriers and signal transmission. The structure of Osh4 in the absence of ligand exposes potential phospholipid-binding sites that are positioned for membrane docking and sterol exchange. On the basis of these observations, we propose a model in which sterol and membrane binding promote reciprocal conformational changes that facilitate a sterol transfer and signalling cycle.     

变压吸附法脱碳用活性炭性能的实验研究

对一种煤质活性炭吸附脱附含氮混合气中CO2的性能进行了研究,测定了活性炭对CO2的平衡吸附量,实验对比了不同稀释气体下CO2的动态吸附容量,对含氮混合气中影响CO2吸附选择性的因素进行了实验分析。考察了脱附条件对活性炭CO2吸附容量的影响。结果表明,该活性炭吸附CO2容量大,对CO2的吸附选择性也比较高,是性能优良的变压吸附脱碳用吸附剂。     

矿井轨道运输嵌入式监控终端的设计和实现

文章提出并设计了一种矿井轨道运输嵌入式监控终端,论述了终端的软硬件设计思路.该终端以低功耗的MC68HC908GZ60单片机为核心,采用专用计轴传感器实时监测轨道矿车运行,实现对矿车运行数据的采集、故障监测和报警,以及将故障和报警信息与各项矿车运行数据通过CAN总线上传至地面监测主站等功能.现场运行表明,终端在井下恶劣环境中本质安全,实时性好,工作稳定可靠.     

喉罩通气道在上腹部手术硬膜外麻醉中的应用分析

目的：探讨喉罩在上腹部手术硬膜外麻醉中应用的麻醉效果及安全性。方法：将120例病人分为3组：硬膜外麻醉静脉内辅助芬氟复合剂组（A组）;硬膜外麻醉复合全麻气管插管（B组）;硬膜外麻醉复合全麻喉罩通气（C组）。比较三组间麻醉效果及术后并发症发生等情况。结果：三组病人硬膜外麻醉效果均好,无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;A组术中内脏牵拉反应较重（P〈0.05）;B组气管内插管时循环参数波动较大,术后并发症发生较C组多（P〈0.05）;C组麻醉效果好,术后并发症发生较少,病人较舒适（P〈0.05）。结论：喉罩在上腹部手术硬膜外麻醉中应用具有能抑制内脏牵拉反应,发挥硬膜外麻醉优点,有效的维持术中通气,术后并发症少,病人舒适等优点。