Drug crime was a prominent issue of concern to all countries from pole to pole. It has been characterized as an object of threat to international security in the field of non-traditional security in global governance. As a new type of drug, the manufacture, smuggling and abuse of fentanyl are becoming increasingly serious worldwide. The paper conducted a review from common fentanyl new psychoactive substances and their pharmacological and toxicological properties, metabolism in the body, detection method and pretreatment method. Besides, a brief prospect was also given about its development. (61 ref. cited)