In order to explore the applicability of friction high-strength bolts in prefabricated steel-concrete composite beams, the finite element model of push-out specimen and simply supported beam were established by ABAQUS finite element software. After verifying the reliability of the simulation through experimental results, the effects of bolt pretension, bolt aperture, concrete strength, and bolt strength on individual shear connectors and overall composite beams were studied. The analysis results show that the stress process of shear connector can be divided into four stages: friction, slip, compression, and failure. The increase of bolt pretension and concrete strength was beneficial for improving the ultimate bearing capacity and compressive shear stiffness of friction high-strength bolts, while larger bolt aperture significantly reduced the shear stiffness of bolts. Increasing the bolt pretension or the concrete strength can enhance the composite effect of steel and concrete components. On the contrary, when the shear connection degree remains unchanged, increase of the bolt grade led to uneven distribution of interface stiffness, which is not conducive to slip control.